Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Postcoital contraceptives are available for adolescent use in the US. They include combination oral contraceptives (OCs), high dose estrogens, danazol, and IUDs. Mifepristone (RU-486) is currently not available in the US but is used in France, the UK, and Sweden. Postcoital contraception is especially important for adolescents who have a very high pregnancy rate due to poor contraceptive use. Administration of 2-5 mg ethinyl estradiol (EE) for 5 days beginning within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse yields pregnancy rates ranging from 0-0.92%. EE-related side effects include nausea, vomiting, sore breasts, and irregular menstrual bleeding. DES should not be used, since it is associated with reproductive tract anomalies and vaginal cancers in exposed offspring. Conjugated estrogens have not been used in adolescents for postcoital contraception. The Yuzpe regimen consists of 2 tablets of a combined OC with 200 mg EE and 2 mg dl-norgestrel administered within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse followed by the same dose 12 hours later. Common side effects are nausea and vomiting. Its pregnancy rate is 1.8%. Levonorgestrel-containing OCs can also be used. Administration of 800-1200 mg danazol up to 120 hours after unprotected intercourse protects against pregnancy in about 98% of cases. Copper IUDs have a high efficacy rate when used as postcoital contraception (99.9%), but public opinion, medicolegal considerations, financial costs, and potential for infection impede IUD as a postcoital contraceptive in the US. RU-486 is best known as an abortifacient. It is also a potential postcoital contraceptive. Two UK studies find that RU-486 used as a postcoital contraceptive has a very low pregnancy rate and fewer side effects than the Yuzpe regimen and danazol. It is much more costly than currently used postcoital contraceptives (600 mg of RU-486 cost US$ 68, while Ovral costs US$ 0.48-2.24). Nevertheless, RU-486 may replace the higher doses of OCs as a postcoital contraceptive method.
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PMID:Postcoital contraception: present and future options. 774 40

Intramuscular morphine-scopolamine for premedication was compared with a hydrogel of the same drugs for rectal administration in 205 healthy children scheduled for minor ENT surgery. The intramuscular dose was 0.15 +/- 0.006 mg x kg-1 compared to 0.25 +/- 0.015 mg x kg-1 rectally. Reaction at administration and anaesthetic induction, incidence of intraoperative airway difficulties, Spo2, ECG changes, postoperative pain and incidence of nausea were recorded. The administration for the rectal hydrogel group worked better and resulted in less postoperative nausea and slightly more postoperative pain. The children's behaviour at anaesthesia induction and the frequency of perioperative complications were similar in both groups. We conclude that for minor ENT surgery on children, premedication with rectal hydrogel of morphine-scopolamine is a good alternative to intramuscular morphine-scopolamine.
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PMID:Rectal versus intramuscular morphine-scopolamine as premedication in children. 779 92

Total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol is indicated in the following cases: patients with a previous history of postoperative nausea or vomiting; surgery of the middle ear; gynaecological procedures involving laparotomy; ENT and squint surgery in children. Up to now, the relationship between the clinical benefit (less incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting) and intrinsec anti-emetic properties of propofol is not included in the regulatory labelling.
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PMID:[Effects of Diprivan on nausea and vomiting]. 787 50

We collected data on postoperative nausea and vomiting from 3850 patients aged 11-91 years. Thirty-seven percent of the 3244 patients who received a general anaesthetic reported nausea and 23.2% vomited. Twenty percent of the 606 patients who received a local anaesthetic reported nausea and 11.4% vomited. Of the general anaesthetic patients reporting nausea, 72.2% were women, and the mean age was lower than for those who did not (p < 0.001). Similarly for vomiting, 74.0% were women and again the mean age was lower (p < 0.001). Of the local anaesthetic patients reporting nausea, 62.0% were women and the mean age was lower than for those who did not (p < 0.001). Similarly for vomiting, 68.1% were women and again the mean age was lower (p < 0.001). Anxiety before general, but not local, anaesthesia was associated with postoperative nausea (p < 0.001) but not vomiting. Patients from the gynaecological, orthopaedic, ENT and general surgical wards had higher incidences of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Linear visual analogue pain scores were higher in patients with postoperative nausea and vomiting in both general and local anaesthesia groups (p < 0.001).
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PMID:Studies in postoperative sequelae. Nausea and vomiting--still a problem. 831 Dec 15

This study reviewed a group of 48 children following ENT surgery and considered the implications of too little sleep after their operation. All the children had either an adenoidectomy, a tonsillectomy, or an adenotonsillectomy. Their post-operative sleep was timed and their state of nausea was recorded when they awoke. There appeared to be a correlation between the length of undisturbed sleep and the incidence of nausea or vomiting. It is suggested that this result should influence the advice given to parents of the benefits about sleep for their child in the post-operative period.
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PMID:The importance of sleep following ENT surgery. 978 65

This study determines the ovarian effects, contraceptive efficacy, and effects on serum levels of norethindrone acetate (NET-Ac) and ethinyl estradiol (EE) among women using a single contraceptive vaginal ring (CVR) cyclically over a period of 1 year. A total of 60 women were enrolled and used the ring according to a schedule of 3 weeks "in" and 1 week "out." Assays of serum norethindrone acetate (NET-Ac) ethinyl estradiol (EE) levels were taken twice weekly in cycles 6, 9, and 13. Despite luteal activity in some cycles, no pregnancies were noted within the 12-month study period. Heavier body weight was associated with increased probability of luteal activity. Mean serum levels decreased over the last 3 months of CVR use, accounting for the increase in luteal activity and possible ovulations in cycle 13. Among women in Sydney, by contrast with women in the other centers, a difference in the effect on lipids was seen. However, the changes in lipid levels were very small. The side effects were a little different from those experienced by women using a combined pill. Nausea and vomiting were largely confined to early cycles and most common in the first days of the first cycle. Weight gain was also not a problem, although there was a small mean increase in body weight over the 12-month treatment period. This study indicates that use of a single CVR releasing EE and NET-Ac over a period of 12 months constitutes an acceptable, safe and effective contraceptive method.
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PMID:Efficacy, bleeding patterns, and side effects of a 1-year contraceptive vaginal ring. 1049 85

In 1989-1998 ENT specialists of the Tashkent Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education treated 109 patients with otogenic intracranial complications. 13 (11.9%) of them had cerebellar abscess. Clinical symptoms of the abscesses were obscure or absent. Head ache was the leading symptom. Other hypertensive symptoms presented with nausea, (n = 2), vomiting (n = 5), bradycardia (n = 7). Changes on the fundus of the eye were not registered in 6 patients. Defective coordination of movements, scanning speech were observed in 11 and 3 patients, respectively. Large-swinging, mixed horizontal nystagmus was truncal, in 11 patients it was directed to the side of the abscess, in 2 patients--in both directions. Symptoms of the secondary meningitis arose in 12 patients. The patients underwent surgical cleaning of the middle ear and opening cerebellar abscess under drug therapy. One patient died of purulent ventriculitis (lethality 7.6%). It is inferred that cerebellar abscesses often run with mild symptoms. This creates diagnostic difficulties.
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PMID:[Otogenic cerebellar abscesses (in the light of 10-year observation materials at the ENT clinic at the Tashkent institute of continuing education of physicians)]. 1101 80

The acceptability of 2 and 3 month injectable contraceptives was assessed and compared, and the acceptability of the injectables was further compared with that of oral contraceptives (OCs) and IUDs among a random sample of women, who attended a clinic in Alexandria, Egypt. The study was conducted by the University of Alexandria. The sample included 100 acceptors of the 2-month injectable, norethisterone oenanthate (NET-O EN), 100 acceptors of the 3-month injectable, depo-medroxy pregesterone acetate (DPMA), 60 OC acceptors, and 60 IUD acceptors. The women were interviewed prior to treatment and 2 or 3 times during the 6 months following their initial acceptance of the methods. Women who discontinued at any time during the 6-month period were interviewed concerning their reasons for discontinuing. The data was analyzed by calculating means and % distribution and by testing for significance. The percent lost to follow up was 12% for the NET-O EN group, 12% for DPMA users, and 0% for IUD and OC acceptors. The mean age of the acceptors was 30.4 years for NET-O EN, 30.7 years for DMPA, 28.3 years for OCs, and 25.2 years for IUDs. For these acceptor groups, the respective mean number of years of schooling was 6.1, 5.2, 7.2, and 7.5, and the respective mean number of pregnancies was 5.6, 5.4, 3.8, and 2.9. All 320 of the women were married, and 319 were Muslim. 99.4% lived in urban areas. 10% had no living male children, and 23.7% had no living female children. 2/3 of the injectable acceptors previously used 2 or more fertility control methods. A higher percent of IUD and OC acceptors, compared to injectable acceptors, reported using only 1 or no previous method. More than 1/2 of the injectable acceptors reported disruptions in their normal bleeding patterns. NET-O EN acceptors were more likely to experience heavy or prolonged bleeding while DPMA acceptors were more likely to report amenorrhea or a decreased flow. IUD acceptors were also bothered by bleeding problems. Almost all the women who reported changes in bleeding patterns were unhappy about the changes. Many of the women who reported amenorrhea worried that they might be pregnant. Women who experienced heavy or unpredictable bleeding worried about anemia and complained that bleeding interfered with their daily routines. 47.6% of the women reported weight gains, but this was generally viewed as an advantage. Nausea was the major side effect associated with OC use. 32% of the OC users, 28.0% of the NET-E ON users, 30.0% of the DMPA users, and none of the IUD users reported nausea. For all 4 groups, convenience and effectiveness were the major advantages the women attributed to their chosen method. Continuation rates were 68% for NET-O EN, 70% for DMPA, 75% for OCs, and 75% for IUDs. The major reason for discontinuation of injectables was bleeding problems. Among injectable users, a higher proportion of discontinuers (49%) than of continuers (20%) reported amenorrhea. The findings suggest that continuation for injectables could be improved if patients were given more detailed information about possible side effects and if they were advised to return to the clinic for treatment of any symptoms they experience.
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PMID:Acceptability study of the two versus three monthly injectable contraceptives. 1217 96

Studies by A. Albert Yuzpe, MD, and Lee H. Schilling, MD, have shown Ovral to be an effective contraceptive after unprotected intercourse at any time in the menstrual cycle, not just in midcycle. As a morning after pill, Ovral is taken in 2 doses: 2 tablets within 72 hours after coitus; 2 tablets 12 hours later, a total of 200 mcg ethinyl estradiol and 2 mg di-norgestrel. Risk of pregnancy from a single act of unprotected midcycle coitus averages 20-30% while the risk from unprotected intercourse at other times in the cycle averages 2-4%. Young, nulliparoous, women would be the prime target for the morning after pill. 98.5% of the women in Yuzpe's study bled within 21 days. The 1.5% who do not bleed within the expected time will either be pregnant or have a delayed period. Ovral can be administered from a pack in the doctor's office. The major complaint about DES was nausea and vomiting. Only 24% of the women taking Ovral reported nausea. The episodes were mild and controlled with an antiemetic. Both doctors and patients are wary of DES because of public concern about teratogenesis. Many doctors recommend termination of pregnancy if it was conceived while the woman was using DES. Ovral use does not usually indicate abortion. The postcoital IUD insertion studies have included small numbers of patients, but the difficulties are that bleeding following insertion may suggest pregnancy, and the potential for pelvic infection is increased. Ovral should not be given to women who have contraindications to oral contraceptives, and benefits and risks should be weighed.
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PMID:Ovral touted as morning-after pill. 1226 90

A study of 2 low-dose oral contraceptives, Loestrin and Nordette, was conducted in association with the National Family Planning Board in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, West Malaysia, to determine differences in continuation rates and reasons for discontinuation. This report includes analysis of 96 women, 91.7% of whom were interval patients, randomly allocated to 1 of the above OCs between December 1979 and January 1981. Follow-up visits were scheduled at 1, 3 and 6 months after admission with symptom grids completed during the 1st, 3rd, and 6th cycles. The continuation rates at 6 months were 85.9 and 89.8 for Loestrin and Nordette, respectively. The corresponding follow-up rates were 73.9 and 68.3. The side effect reported most often among both groups was breakthrough bleeding (BTB). In addition, the proportion of Loestrin users who reported BTB at least once during the study was significantly higher than the proportion of Nordette users (38.3% versus 18.4%, p 0.05). Other symptoms reported were nausea, headaches, intestinal problems, and abdominal pain. No accidental pregancies were reported during this study. There were a total of 6 (11.8%) discontinuations in the Loestrin group and 4 (8.9%) in the Nordette group.
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PMID:A comparative study of Loestrin versus Nordette in Kelantan, West Malaysia. 1226 18


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