Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 63-year-old woman underwent modified radical mastectomy with 3 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, 5-fluorouracil) and MPA endocrine therapy for breast cancer. Because of nausea and general fatigue, she refused to continue this therapy and did not visit the hospital. When she came our hospital and 16 months later, she had developed multiple bone metastases. At the same time, she was suffering from lung tuberculosis. She was treated with toremifene at a dose of 120 mg/day without any side effects. After 3 months administration of toremifene, pain disappeared and her high serum CA15-3 and BCA225 dropped to within the normal range. On bone scintigrams, abnormal accumulation almost disappeared after 9 months of administration of toremifene. In this case, the patient was suffering from lung tuberculosis and did not desire intensive chemotherapy. Administration of high-dose toremifene was effective for multiple bone metastases without any side effects.
 ...
PMID:[A case of breast cancer with multiple bone metastases improved by high-dose toremifene]. 1143 55

Besides their binding to cognate intracellular receptors gonadal steroids may also act as functional antagonists at the 5-HT3 receptor. A structure-activity relationship for the actions of a variety of steroids at the 5-HT3 receptor was elaborated that differed considerably from that known for GABA(A) receptors. Steroids appear to interact allosterically with ligand-gated ion channels at the receptor membrane interface. The functional antagonism of gonadal steroids at the 5-HT3 receptor may play a role for the development and course of nausea during pregnancy and of psychiatric disorders. Moreover, we could demonstrate that 3alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids concurrently modulate the GABA(A) receptor and regulate gene expression via the progesterone receptor after intracellular oxidation. Animal studies showed that progesterone is converted rapidly into GABAergic neuroactive steroids in vivo. Progesterone reduces locomotor activity in a dose dependent fashion in male Wister rats. Moreover, progesterone and 3alpha,5alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone produce a benzodiazepine-like sleep EEG profile in rats and humans. In addition, there is a dysequilibrium of such 3alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids during major depression which is corrected by successful treatment with antidepressants. Neuroactive steroids may further be involved in the treatment of depression and anxiety with antidepressants in patients during ethanol withdrawal. First studies in patients with panic disorder suggest that neuroactive steroids may also play a pivotal role in human anxiety. The genomic and non-genomic effects of steroids in the brain contribute to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders and the mechanisms of action of antidepressants. Neuroactive steroids affect a broad spectrum of behavioral functions through their unique molecular properties and may constitute a yet unexploited class of drugs.
 ...
PMID:Neuroactive steroids: molecular mechanisms of action and implications for neuropsychopharmacology. 1174 74

The acceptability of 2 and 3 month injectable contraceptives was assessed and compared, and the acceptability of the injectables was further compared with that of oral contraceptives (OCs) and IUDs among a random sample of women, who attended a clinic in Alexandria, Egypt. The study was conducted by the University of Alexandria. The sample included 100 acceptors of the 2-month injectable, norethisterone oenanthate (NET-O EN), 100 acceptors of the 3-month injectable, depo-medroxy pregesterone acetate (DPMA), 60 OC acceptors, and 60 IUD acceptors. The women were interviewed prior to treatment and 2 or 3 times during the 6 months following their initial acceptance of the methods. Women who discontinued at any time during the 6-month period were interviewed concerning their reasons for discontinuing. The data was analyzed by calculating means and % distribution and by testing for significance. The percent lost to follow up was 12% for the NET-O EN group, 12% for DPMA users, and 0% for IUD and OC acceptors. The mean age of the acceptors was 30.4 years for NET-O EN, 30.7 years for DMPA, 28.3 years for OCs, and 25.2 years for IUDs. For these acceptor groups, the respective mean number of years of schooling was 6.1, 5.2, 7.2, and 7.5, and the respective mean number of pregnancies was 5.6, 5.4, 3.8, and 2.9. All 320 of the women were married, and 319 were Muslim. 99.4% lived in urban areas. 10% had no living male children, and 23.7% had no living female children. 2/3 of the injectable acceptors previously used 2 or more fertility control methods. A higher percent of IUD and OC acceptors, compared to injectable acceptors, reported using only 1 or no previous method. More than 1/2 of the injectable acceptors reported disruptions in their normal bleeding patterns. NET-O EN acceptors were more likely to experience heavy or prolonged bleeding while DPMA acceptors were more likely to report amenorrhea or a decreased flow. IUD acceptors were also bothered by bleeding problems. Almost all the women who reported changes in bleeding patterns were unhappy about the changes. Many of the women who reported amenorrhea worried that they might be pregnant. Women who experienced heavy or unpredictable bleeding worried about anemia and complained that bleeding interfered with their daily routines. 47.6% of the women reported weight gains, but this was generally viewed as an advantage. Nausea was the major side effect associated with OC use. 32% of the OC users, 28.0% of the NET-E ON users, 30.0% of the DMPA users, and none of the IUD users reported nausea. For all 4 groups, convenience and effectiveness were the major advantages the women attributed to their chosen method. Continuation rates were 68% for NET-O EN, 70% for DMPA, 75% for OCs, and 75% for IUDs. The major reason for discontinuation of injectables was bleeding problems. Among injectable users, a higher proportion of discontinuers (49%) than of continuers (20%) reported amenorrhea. The findings suggest that continuation for injectables could be improved if patients were given more detailed information about possible side effects and if they were advised to return to the clinic for treatment of any symptoms they experience.
 ...
PMID:Acceptability study of the two versus three monthly injectable contraceptives. 1217 96

If used correctly, only 2 out of every 100 women using a diaphragm would conceive over a year; however, because of forgetfulness the figure increases to 19 out of every 100. With good care they can last up to 12 years. The contraceptive sponge works because of the sperm-killing ingredients in the spermicide and because it blocks the cervix. The condom may also provide some protection against a variety of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), such as herpes and gonorrhea. Missing one day of a low-dose oral contraceptive formulation (35 mcg) will have no consequences since the pill works by keeping hormone levels in the body elevated over time. With IUDs the only potential pitfall is forgetting to check for the tail every week of the first month and once a month thereafter to be sure the IUD is still in place. Some physicians suggest using a second form of contraception for the first three months after an IUD is inserted, since the odds are slightly higher it will be dislodged during this time. The manufacturers of Cu-7's and Cu-T's, as well as most physicians, recommend replacement of this device every three years. Experts are in agreement, however, that copper-containing IUDs carry a slightly lower risk of infection than Progestasert and the Lippes Loop. For postcoital contraception douching or using a spermicide within 10 minutes may help a bit. Although an IUD insertion can prevent pregnancy 90-95% of the time if it is done within five days of unprotected intercourse, because of the infection risk, this is not recommended unless a woman is planning on leaving the device in place as a contraceptive. The morning-after pill also works by preventing implantation of the fertilized egg. Taking two within 24 hours and two more 12 hours later prevents pregnancy 90-95% of the time, possibly with mild nausea or headache.
 ...
PMID:Birth-control trip-ups. How to avoid just-this-once risks. 1232 Feb 44

Since the last in a series of childbirth education classes discusses contraception, educators must know about various family planning methods. Oral contraceptives (OCs) comprise combined OCs, phasic OCs, and minipills. Combined OCs inhibit secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which in turn keeps the follicle-stimulating hormone from inducing the ovarian follicle to grow and keeps luteinizing hormones from activating ovulation. They also thicken cervical mucus. Minipills also thicken cervical mucus and render the endometrium unreceptive to fertilized egg implantation. They do not always inhibit ovulation, however. OCs can induce side effects, such as nausea, hypertension, increased risk of atherosclerosis, and fatigue. The IUD prevents pregnancy either by inhibiting implantation of a fertilized egg or by an inflammatory reaction of the endometrium resulting in a release of macrophages which may destroy sperm. The no-longer-produced Dalkon Shield IUD increased the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease and damaged the reputation of other IUDs. Rare IUD complications are uterine perforation, salpingitis, tubal scarring, pelvic inflammatory disease, and infertility. Diaphragms, cervical film, and condoms serve as barriers between the egg and sperm. The main problem with barrier methods is the increased risk of developing toxic shock syndrome. Spermicide increase the effectiveness of diaphragms, cervical caps, and condoms. Vasectomy keeps sperm from arriving at storage sites. Shortterm side effects are swelling, discomfort, and occasional rejoining of the cut ends of the vas. Research hints at a link between vasectomy and prostate cancer. Some complications of tubal ligation are urinary tract infections, accidental electrical burns, and pelvic infections. Natural family planning methods include withdrawal, the rhythm method, and the sypto-thermal method. Controversial injectable contraceptives are Depo-Provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate) and Noristerate (norethisterone enanthate).
 ...
PMID:Birth control update for childbirth educators. 1234 29

This report outlines measures for controlling nausea, vomiting, and anorexia caused by anticancer agents. Combination therapy with a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT3) receptor antagonist and a steroid preparation is effective for controlling acute vomiting. In the chronic stage, however, the response to 5-HT3 receptor antagonists is less marked, so a steroid preparation is used as the major treatment in combination with a 5-HT3-receptor antagonist or metoclopramide. The antiemetic effect of recently developed tachykinin NK-1 (NK-1)-receptor antagonists has been shown to be additive to that of existing treatments for acute and chronic symptoms, especially chronic nausea/vomiting. Steroid preparations have been shown to improve anorexia, while medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA: a synthetic progesterone) has been reported to improve anorexia and promote weight gain.
 ...
PMID:[Management of nausea, vomiting and anorexia due to anticancer agents]. 1285 41

Systemic syndromes characterized by a persistent activity of circulating mediators (cytokines) are frequently present with advanced cancer. We grouped under the general heading of "Systemic Immune-Metabolic Syndrome (SIMS)" a particular variety of distressing systemic syndrome characterized by dysregulation of the psycho-neuro-immune-endocrine homeostasis, with overlapping clinical manifestations. SIMS may include cachexia, anorexia, nausea, early satiety, fatigue, tumor fever, cognitive changes and superinfection. The aim of this study was to ameliorate some of the SIMS symptoms in a homogeneous group of lung adenocarcinoma patients using a multitargeted therapy. Fifteen patients with evidence of SIMS were studied. SIMS was defined as the presence of weight loss, anorexia, fatigue performance status>/=2 and acute-phase protein response. Patients received medroxyprogesterone (MPA) (500 mg twice daily), celecoxib (200 mg twice daily), plus oral food supplementation for 6 weeks. After treatment, 13 patients either had stable weight (+/- 1%) or had gained weight. There were significant differences in improvement of body-weight-change rate, nausea, early satiety, fatigue, appetite and performance status. Patients who had any kind of lung infection showed higher levels of IL-10 compared to non-infected patients (P=0.039). Our results suggest that patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma, treated with MPA, celecoxib and dietary intervention, might have considerable improvement in certain SIMS outcomes. This multitargeted symptomatic approach deserves further study.
 ...
PMID:Effects of celecoxib, medroxyprogesterone, and dietary intervention on systemic syndromes in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma: a pilot study. 1533 28

The prolonged use of CNI has been associated with nephrotoxicity. MMF is a new immunosuppressive agent. In the present study, the consequences of introducing MMF and reduction of CNI in liver-transplant children were analysed. The present study included eight pediatric liver-transplant patients who had transplantation at least 5 yr previously, had stable graft function and had renal dysfunction as a probable side-effect of CNI therapy. CNI was replaced with MMF in all patients and serum creatinine, uric acid concentration, azotemia and creatinine clearance before and 6 months after study entry were measured. The patients were monitored closely for side-effects of MMF as well as graft function. Six months after study entry serum creatinine, uric acid concentration, azotemia and creatinine clearance improved in all the patients at the last follow-up. The aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase concentrations were stable during the study period and did not observe any serum bilirubin increased as well. No side-effects were reported in patients on MMF. Only one patient reported temporary pruritus and nausea. The results indicate that renal dysfunction significantly improved when MMF therapy is started and CNI reduced. Furthermore present data suggest that the risk of acute allograft rejection is very low when the CNI desired reduction is achieved in not too short time and absolutely when the MPA levels are strictly monitored.
 ...
PMID:Mycophenolate mofetil in pediatric liver transplant patients with renal dysfunction: preliminary data. 1487 Aug 93

The purpose of this study was to evaluate haemodynamic stability, perioperative analgesia and neonatal outcome following intrathecal 0.5% bupivacaine 7.5 mg with varying doses of fentanyl, in parturients with pregnancy-induced hypertension. Forty-five parturients with pregnancy-induced hypertension scheduled for caesarean section were randomly allocated to receive 7.5 mg bupivacaine with saline 1 mL (group B), fentanyl 10 microg (group Bf10) or fentanyl 20 microg (group Bf20) intrathecally. Heart rate, blood pressure, and sensory block were recorded at regular intervals. Pain, nausea, vomiting, pruritus or any other side effects were sought. Neonatal outcome was assessed using Apgar score and umbilical artery blood gas analysis. Adequate surgical anaesthesia was established in all three groups. There was a statistically significant fall in mean arterial pressure in all three groups within 4-6 min of subarachnoid block (P<0.05), but the decrease in MAP was <20% of baseline in all three groups. Pain and discomfort during surgery were experienced more frequently in group B than in groups Bf10 and Bf20 (P<0.05). Duration of postoperative analgesia was significantly longer in group Bf20 (5.55+/-1.18 h) than in group Bf10 (3.97+/-2.12 h) and group B (3.27+/-1.8 h) (P<0.05). Neonatal outcome was similar in the three groups. Intrathecal fentanyl with low dose bupivacaine provides good surgical anaesthesia and prolongs the duration of analgesia without haemodynamic or neonatal compromise in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension undergoing caesarean delivery.
 ...
PMID:Effect of varying doses of fentanyl with low dose spinal bupivacaine for caesarean delivery in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension. 1547 49

Objective of the study was to compare the effect of the drugs, intraoperative hemodynamic variables (heart rate, blood pressure) and associated complications (hypotension, nausea, shivering etc) between the bupivacaine and lignocaine group, when administered intrathecally in patients undergoing caesarean section. This is a randomized prospective study where the haemodynamic changes and the complications following sub arachnoid block either with 5.0% lignocaine or with 0.5% bupivacaine in 52 patients undergoing caeserian section were compared. The patients were randomly divided in two groups, group X (lignocaine group, n=26) or group B (bupivacaine group, n=26), either to receive 5.0% lignocaine 75 mg or 0.5% bupivacaine 12.5 mg. Intraoperatively heart rate, blood pressure (systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean (MAP)), oxygen saturation were monitored. Any rescue drugs e.g. mephentermine, crystalloid 200 ml bolus, pethidine, diazepam etc given were noted with the dose and time. Urine output and total amount of fluid given was noted at the end of the surgery. Oxytocin 10 U in infusion was given after the baby was delivered in all the cases. Intraoperative blood pressures, total amount of fluid given, rescue vasopressor (mephentermine) given were compared in both the groups. Groups were also compared with respect to the patients' age, height of sensory block, motor block, duration of surgery, Apgar score and weight of the baby and duration of postoperative analgesia. It was concluded that the drugs were similar with respect to their sensory and motor effects, intraoperative hemodynamic changes like hypotension and bradycardia, and other complications like shivering and can be used interchangeably as spinal anesthetic agent for caesarean section deliveries.
 ...
PMID:Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison of 5.0% lignocaine and 0.5% bupivacaine. 2067 6


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 Next >>