Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

One hundred children suffering from symptomatic giardiasis were treated with either tinidazole or metronidazole in random order. Both the drugs were given as a single oral dose calculated on the basis of 50 mg/kg body weight. Parasitological and clinical cure was obtained in 40 (80%) of 50 patients given tinidazole and in 18(36%) of 50 patients given metronidazole. This difference in cure rates was significant (p less than 0.01). Furthermore, control of diarrhoea and negative stool conversion for G. lamblia were achieved earlier with tinidazole than with metronidazole, the differences being significant (p less than 0.01) from the 8th post-treatment day. Gastro-intestinal side-effects of mild degree occurred in 6 patients on tinidazole and in 2 patients on metronidazole; they comprised nausea, vomiting, and bitter taste. Neither drug caused any abnormal deviation in blood counts or in biochemical tests of liver and kidney function.
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PMID:Single-dose treatment of giardiasis in children: a comparison of tinidazole and metronidazole. 34 Jan 34

With estramustine phosphate the clinician has the possibility to ensure complete hormonal as well as cytotoxic control of advanced prostate cancer with a single drug. EMP is considered as a first choice for treatment of hormone refractory prostate cancer. It is at least as effective as conventional chemotherapy, yet less aggressive with regard to its toxicity profile. EMP is particularly useful in patients with limited bone marrow reserve, e.g. in case of prior or associated radiotherapy. As to the use of EMP in primary treatment, more information is required before we can define with certainty subgroups of patients who would benefit more from an early course of EMP than from other hormonal therapy. The existing data point in the direction of poorly differentiated tumors, patients with bone pain and poor prognosis. EMP treatment is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity. This should be avoided as much as possible by proper selection of patients or by prophylaxis. Gastro-intestinal side effects, such as nausea, diarrhea and anorexia are dose-dependent. These adverse events tend to interfere with compliance at dosages over 560 mg/day. Dosage modifications or an anti-emetic may help. The intravenous administration of EMP offers the possibility for high loading doses at a substantially reduced risk for cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side effects.
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PMID:The present role of estramustine phosphate in advanced prostate cancer. 192 66

A phase I study of a new fluorinated pyrimidine compound, 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR), was performed in 37 patients with various malignant cancers. Starting dose was 600 mg/m2/day (900 mg/body/day) and escalated up to 3900 mg/body/day. The dose given was divided into 3 administrations a day for 5 consecutive days. Subjective symptoms were observed in cases given a dose of over 2,100 mg/body/day. Gastro-intestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting and anorexia were the major side effects. In the hematological and urinary examinations, no severe abnormal signs were observed. The maximum tolerated dose was considered to be 2.100 mg/body/day, and the dose-limiting factor was gastro-intestinal disturbance. 5-FU levels were determined in the serum and tumor tissues. 5'-DFUR was well absorbed. The 5-FU level in tumor tissue was very high at 2 to 3 hours post-dose and then rapidly decreased, being 0.05 microgram/g 12 hours after administration. The optimal dosage for a phase II study was suggested to be less than 2,100 mg/body/day.
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PMID:[Phase I study of 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR)]. 293 58

Gastro-intestinal disorders were described during long lasting exercise. However, no systematic evaluation was done before the study of the French Medical Society of Triathlon, which realized an epidemiologic analysis during the French triathlon championship in 1989. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence and the nature of different gastro-intestinal symptoms, to precise the severity and the consequences of these disorders, and to evaluate the self-medication. This study concern 25,640 competitors of the 101 meetings of the French triathlon championship 1989 (75 category A, 19 category B and 7 category C). Two thousand two hundred and seventy four competitors had gastric symptoms like nausea, epigastgric pain or vomiting (8.9%); 2,046 competitors had intestinal troubles like diarrhea or abdominal pain (8%). These results confirm the suffering of the gastro-intestinal tract during a long lasting exercise like a triathlon. These disorders are well known, so self-medication was used for gastric symptoms (0.7%) or intestinal disturbances (18.2%).
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PMID:[Digestive disorders and self medication observed during a competition in endurance athletes. Prospective epidemiological study during a championship of triathlon]. 795 46

Two siblings (one man, one woman), presenting with diarrhea, severe weight loss peripheral neuropathy, ophthalmoparesis, asymptomatic leukoencephalopathy were diagnosed as a new cases of Mitochondrial Neuro Gastro Intestinal Encephalomyopathy syndrome (MNGIE). Hirano (1994) defined four criteria for the diagnostic: peripheral neuropathy, ophthalmoparesis, gastro intestinal dysmotility, muscle biopsy with histologic features of mitochondrial myopathy (ragged-red fibers, muscle fibers with increased succinate deshydrogenase stain or ultra structurally abnormal mitochondria). In a review of the literature, we found 31 cases with MNGIE. With our two cases, we study this group of 33 patients. First symptoms begin about 13.5 years with a median of 10 years and extremes for 1 to 32 years. The first signs are gastro intestinal symptoms (recurrent nausea, vomiting or diarrhea with intestinal dysmotility) in 22 cases, an ophthalmoparesia in 4 cases, intestinal and ocular signs in 1 case, gait ataxia or peripheral neuropathy in 3 cases, hearing loss in 1 case, gait ataxia or peripheral neuropathy in 3 cases, hearing loss in 1 case. During the evolution, besides the cardinal signs, the following features have been observed with a variable frequency: hearing loss, short stature, facial palsy, dysphonia, dysarthria, sweating, orthostatic hypotension, bladder dysfunction, hepatomegalia, The laboratory features are: abnormal Nerve Condition Studies/EMG compatible with a sensory motor neuropathy, lactic acidosis, mitochondrial respiratory chain defect (essentially complex IV deficiency, complex I deficiency or multiple complex defect), MRI leukodystrophy, elevated CSF protein, heart block, ragged-red fibers or increased SDH stain. The prognosis is poor, due to a severe weight loss bordering on cachexia 13 patients died with a mean age of 28.5 years (median 24 years, extreme 3 years to 51 years). The prognosis seems to be worsened by a young age of onset. The 33 patients belong to 19 families with 7 cases of consanguinity. 25 patients had a brother, a sister or a cousin affected. The study of these families is compatible with an autosomic recessive transmission, suggesting a pathology of the nuclear genomi, probably impliying the control of the mitochondrial DNA replication. In fact, in 13 cases, a study of the mt DNA was realized: multiple deletions were founded in 6 cases, multiples mutations in one case, unique mutation in 1 case. In 5 cases ther was no evidence of abnormality. These precise etiology and pathophysiologic significance of the mt DNA deletions, and the heterogeneity of the modifications of the mt DNA remain unknown. However, the possibility of various phenotypes for a same genotype or inversely is known in mitochondriopathies.
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PMID:[MNGIE syndrome in 2 siblings]. 968 18

A multicentre, randomized, comparative clinical trial of 200 mg RU486 (Mifepristone) followed 48 h later by either 5 mg 9-methylene PGE(2) vaginal gel (meteneprost) or 600 microg oral PGE(1) (misoprostol) for termination of pregnancy within 28 days of the missed period, was carried out through the Indian Council of Medical Research's (ICMR) network of Human Reproduction Research Centres (HRRCs). A total of 893 subjects were assessed regarding their therapeutic responses to the two different treatment groups. The results indicated a success rate of 84.6% among 453 women treated with RU486 followed by 9 methylene PGE(2) vaginal gel, that was not significantly different from the success rate of 87.7% observed in 440 women treated with RU486 followed by oral PGE(1). The majority of study subjects (90%) started bleeding within 72 h. About 26% of the subjects had started bleeding before the administration of any prostaglandin. The average duration of bleeding in all the subjects was about 7 days. No life threatening side effects were observed among the subjects in two treatment groups. Gastro-intestinal complaints were reported more often by women treated with oral PGE(1) as compared to those treated with 9-methylene vaginal PGE(2) gel; nausea occurred in 25.7% and 19.2%, vomiting in 6.8% and 4.6%, and diarrhoea in 4.8% and 0.9% of the subjects in the 2 treatment groups, respectively. Fever higher than 38 degrees C and severe abdominal pain were reported by 4.2% and 5.0% of all subjects treated, respectively. Intravenous infusion of glucose and saline was required by 6 subjects in each treatment of the prostaglandin treated groups. Blood transfusion was required in 2 subjects, one in each treatment group, for profuse bleeding.
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PMID:A multicentre randomized comparative clinical trial of 200 mg RU486 (mifepristone) single dose followed by either 5 mg 9-methylene PGE(2) gel (meteneprost) or 600 microg oral PGE(1) (misoprostol) for termination of early pregnancy within 28 days of missed menstrual period. ICMR Task Force Study. Indian Council of Medical Research. 1112 59

High-dose, continuous infusion interleukin-2 (IL-2) regimens generate greater Lymphokine Activated Killer cell (LAK) cytotoxicity in vitro and a higher rebound lymphocytosis in vivo than do bolus IL-2 regimens. Lymphocytes initially activated by continuous infusion IL-2 then subsequently pulsed with IL-2 have increased cytotoxicity against cancer cells. Famotidine may enhance the lysis of tumors by cytotoxic lymphocytes. Fourteen patients with melanoma were treated with famotidine 20 mg intravenously twice per day and continuous infusion IL-2 (18 MIU/sq m/24 hours) for 72 hours, followed by a 24-hour rest, then IL-2 18 MIU/sq m over 15-30 minutes for 1 dose (12 patients) or daily for 3 doses (2 patients). Most common toxicities were fever, nausea/emesis, hypophosphatemia, hypomagnesemia, and rigors. Nine partial responses (64% response rate; 95% Confidence Interval: 39%-84%) have been seen. Median survival has not been reached at greater than 10 months. Two patients responding to therapy showed an increase in detectable CD 56(+) cells in serial subcutaneous or lymph node biopsies, while 1 patient undergoing progression of disease had no such infiltrate. High-dose, 72-hour continuous infusion plus pulse interleukin-2 with famotidine has activity in melanoma. CD 56(+) cells may play a role in responding patients.
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PMID:High-dose continuous infusion plus pulse interleukin-2 and famotidine in melanoma. 1566 26

High-dose continuous infusion interleukin-2 (IL-2) regimens generate a higher degree of lymphokine activated killer cell (LAK) cytotoxicity when tested against tumor cells in vitro and a higher rebound lymphocytosis in vivo than do bolus IL-2 regimens. Lymphocytes initially activated by continuous infusion IL-2 have increased cytotoxicity against cancer cells when they are subsequently pulsed with additional IL-2. Famotidine may enhance LAK cytolytic ability. Six patients with kidney cancer have been treated with a combination of famotidine 20 mg intravenous bid and continuous infusion IL-2 (18 MIU/sq m/24 hours) for 72 hours, followed by a 24-hour rest, then IL-2 18 MIU/sq m over 15-30 minutes. The most common metastatic sites were the lung, lymph node, and bone. Median number of cycles received = 5 (range, 3-8). The most common toxicities were fever, rigors, nausea/emesis, hypophosphatemia, hypotension, elevated creatinine, and metabolic acidosis. There were no treatment-related deaths, and no patients required intensive care admission. Two partial responses (33% response rate) have been seen. Median survival has not been reached at greater than 8 months. The combination of high-dose continuous infusion plus pulse IL-2 and famotidine is active in metastatic kidney cancer. An accrual of additional patients is needed to better assess the response rate.
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PMID:High-dose continuous infusion plus pulse interleukin-2 and famotidine in metastatic kidney cancer. 1577 77

Infusional interleukin-2 (IL-2) is able to elicit lymphokine-activated killer cell (LAK) cytotoxicity against kidney cancer in vitro and in vivo. Famotidine may be able to augment LAK cytotoxicity against neoplastic cells. Fifteen (15) patients were treated with continuous-infusion IL-2 (9-18 MIU/m2/24 hours) for 72 hours and famotidine 20 mg intravenously twice per day. Cycles were repeated every 3 weeks. These patients had a median age of 60 years (range, 29-72), had a median performance status of 1 (range, 0-1), and had metastatic sites, including lung, bone, lymph node, and liver. The most common toxicities of this regimen were hypophosphatemia, fever, nausea/emesis, rigors, elevated creatinine, and hypomagnesemia. One (1) complete and 6 partial responses have been seen (47% response rate). The median duration of response is 9 months. The median survival for all patients is 20 months. Five (5) patients are alive at a median of 36+ months. This combination of infusional IL-2 with famotidine is active in metastatic kidney cancer.
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PMID:Continuous infusion interleukin-2 and famotidine in metastatic kidney cancer. 1710 23

Cannabinoid (CB1) receptor activation acts neuronally, reducing GI motility, diarrhoea, pain, transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs) and emesis, and promoting eating. CB2 receptor activation acts mostly via immune cells to reduce inflammation. What are the key questions which now need answering to further understand endocannabinoid pathophysiology? GPR55. Does this receptor have a GI role? Satiety, Nausea, Vomiting, Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux, Gastric Emptying. Endocannabinoids acting at CB1 receptors can increase food intake and body weight, exert anti-emetic activity, reduce gastric acid secretion and TLESRs; CB2 receptors may have a small role in emesis. Question 1: CB1 receptor activation reduces emesis and gastric emptying but the latter is associated with nausea. How is the paradox explained? Q2: Do non-CB receptor actions of endocannabinoids (for example TRPV1) also modulate emesis? Q3: Is pathology necessary (gastritis, gastro-oesophageal reflux) to observe CB2 receptor function? Intestinal Transit and Secretion. Reduced by endocannabinoids at CB1 receptors, but not by CB2 receptor agonists. Q1: Do the effects of endocannabinoids rapidly diminish with repeat-dosing? Q2: Do CB2 receptors need to be pathologically upregulated before they are active? Inflammation. CB1, CB2 and TRPV1 receptors may mediate an ability of endocannabinoids to reduce GI inflammation or its consequences. Q1: Are CB2 receptors upregulated by inflammatory or other pathology? Pain. Colonic bacterial flora may upregulate CB2 receptor expression and thereby increase intestinal sensitivity to noxious stimuli. Q1: Are CB2 receptors the interface between colonic bacteria and enteric- or extrinsic nerve sensitivity? Relevance of endocannabinoids to humans. Perhaps apart from appetite, this is largely unknown.
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PMID:Endocannabinoids and the gastrointestinal tract: what are the key questions? 1776 70


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