Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During a period of 32 months (August 1986 until April 1989) 108 patients (74 women, 34 men; mean age 53 years) with neoplastic diseases (59 patients with solid tumors, 45 patients with lymphomas, two patients with acute leukaemias, one patient with chronic myelogenous leukaemia, one patient with aplastic anaemia) were studied in the Department of Internal Medicine of the University Erlangen-Nuremberg. Most were treated with a cytostatic chemotherapy. In order to prevent a mycotic infection in these immunocompromised patients, itraconazole, a new broad-spectrum antimycotic drug of the azole group, was given in an oral dosage of 100 mg day-1 (mean duration of prophylactic treatment 24 months). Localized Candida infections involving the oropharynx and the female genital organs were diagnosed in 16 patients (14.8%). Candida endophthalmitis occurred in one patient (0.9%). The serum concentration of Candida antibodies was significantly elevated in one patient (0.9%) without evidence of fungemia. Itraconazole had to be discontinued in four cases (3.7%) due to minor side effects of the drug (nausea, stomach complaints). Itraconazole appears to be a safe and effective antimycotic drug in long-term use in neutropenic patients.
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PMID:Prophylaxis of fungal infections with itraconazole in immunocompromised cancer patients. 217 92

The case is reported of a 71-year-old woman with clinical signs of digoxin intoxication, presumably developing as a result of the simultaneous use of digoxin for cardiac abnormalities and itraconazole for infection with Candida albicans. Five similar experiences have previously been reported in the literature. Itraconazole may induce a decreased elimination of digoxin, but the mechanism of interaction is still unknown. Comedication and renal function may perhaps contribute to the degree of interaction. When itraconazole is needed in a patient also using digoxin the blood level of the latter drug should be monitored; the daily dose of digoxin may have to be decreased to only one-quarter of the original. Nausea and anorexia may be mistaken for side effects of itraconazole and be overlooked as early signs of digoxin intoxication.
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PMID:[Potentiation of digoxin by itraconazole]. 796 37

Itraconazole is a new orally active triazole antifungal agent with enhanced activity against Candida species. In the clinical trial described in this paper, we compared the efficacy and safety of itraconazole capsules with those of clotrimazole vaginal tablets and placebo oral capsules for women with acute vulvovaginal candidiasis. Ninety-five patients were randomized in a 2:1:1 fashion to receive itraconazole (200 mg/day), clotrimazole (200 mg/day), or placebo (two capsules per day) for 3 consecutive days. Clinical success rates (cure and improvement) were similar for women who received itraconazole (96%) and clotrimazole (100%) 1 week posttreatment. These response rates were statistically superior to those obtained with placebo treatment (77%, P < 0.05). Negative mycological cultures were found in 95, 73, and 32% of the patients treated with clotrimazole, itraconazole, and placebo, respectively (P < 0.005) [active treatments versus placebo]). By 4 weeks posttreatment, the clinical failure rate for itraconazole was less than that observed for clotrimazole (17 versus 30%), but this difference did not reach statistical significance (P > 0.05; beta = 0.81). Mycological response rates for itraconazole and clotrimazole were also similar. No patients enrolled in this study discontinued treatment because of an adverse event. Minor side effects were reported by 35, 4, and 41% of patients who received itraconazole, clotrimazole, and placebo, respectively. The most common side effects associated with itraconazole therapy were nausea and headache. In summary, itraconazole was found to be as effective and safe as clotrimazole in women with acute candida vaginitis. Moreover, oral therapy was highly favored over intravaginal treatment in our survey of patients.
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PMID:Placebo-controlled trial of itraconazole for treatment of acute vaginal candidiasis. 838 43

Forty-five patients with tinea corporis or tinea cruris were treated with oral itraconazole 100 mg daily for 15 days. At the end of the 15-day treatment, 80% of the patients were healed or had markedly improved. At the first follow-up visit, 2 weeks after stopping therapy, 80% of patients were considered responders. An additional follow-up visit another month later (i.e. 6 weeks post-treatment) showed that 32 of 41 patients had responded (78%). Overall, the mycological cure rate (culture and microscopy negative) was somewhat lower than the clinical response rate. Only three patients reported minor side effects (7%). Nausea was reported by two patients and an urticarial reaction was seen in one patient after 8 days treatment. This latter patient discontinued therapy because of the adverse experience. It is concluded that itraconazole, given at a daily dose of 100 mg for 15 days, is effective in the treatment of tinea corporis and tinea cruris. Response rates at the last visit (6 weeks post-therapy) remained at the same satisfactory levels as at the first follow-up visit (2 weeks post-therapy), even though treatment was stopped after 2 weeks. Itraconazole appears to be well tolerated by patients. These results, both in terms of efficacy and side effects, are in line with results reported by other investigators. The fact that the mycological cure rates were somewhat lower than the clinical response rates had apparently no influence on the relapse rate at 6 weeks follow-up post-therapy.
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PMID:Itraconazole in the treatment of tinea corporis and tinea cruris. 840 66

Twenty-seven children (12 boys, 15 girls, age range 3-11 years, weight range 10-40 kg) were treated with itraconazole oral solution 10 mg/mL given as pulse therapy for tinea capitis. The dosage regimen was 3 mg/kg per day given once daily in a fasting state with each pulse lasting 1 week. The first two pulses were separated by a 2-week off-drug period, and the second and third pulses had a 3-week period without drug between them. For each patient a second and third pulse were administered if there was clinical evidence of tinea capitis at the time-point when the next pulse was due. The overall severity of tinea capitis at pretherapy was classified as mild, moderate or severe with the aetiology being: Trichophyton tonsurans, 24 patients; T. violaceum, two patients and Microsporum canis, one patient. In 19 evaluable patients, 12 weeks after starting therapy, the numbers of pulses of itraconazole oral solution required to produce complete cure were, according to the severity of disease, mild tinea capitis (one pulse: four patients; two pulses: five), moderate disease (one pulse: two patients; two pulses: two; three pulses: two), and severe disease (three pulses: three patients). One patient with moderate severity tinea capitis was clinically clear after three pulses of therapy but mycological examination was positive. Seven patients were lost to follow-up and one discontinued therapy because of nausea. Itraconazole oral solution 3 mg/kg per day was generally well tolerated. Three children developed gastrointestinal adverse effects which were considered to be minor or 'nuisance' effects. The data from this preliminary report need to be confirmed in a larger group of patients. It remains to be seen whether itraconazole oral solution will become a practical alternative to the antifungal agents available in a liquid preparation for the treatment of tinea capitis.
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PMID:Itraconazole oral solution for the treatment of tinea capitis. 976 58

The newer antifungal agents itraconazole, terbinafine and fluconazole have become available to treat onychomycosis over the last 10 years. During this time period these agents have superseded griseofulvin as the agent of choice for onychomycosis. Unlike griseofulvin, the new agents have a broad spectrum of action that includes dermatophytes, Candida species and nondermatophyte moulds. Each of the 3 oral antifungal agents, terbinafine, itraconazole and fluconazole, is effective against dermatophytes with relatively fewer data being available for the treatment of Candida species and nondermatophyte moulds. Itraconazole is effective against Candida onychomycosis. Terbinafine may be more effective against C. parapsilosis compared with C. albicans; furthermore with Candida species a higher dose of terbinafine or a longer duration of therapy may be required compared with the regimen for dermatophytes. The least amount of experience in treating onychomycosis is with fluconazole. Griseofulvin is not effective against Candida species or the nondermatophyte moulds. The main use of griseo-fulvin currently is to treat tinea capitis. Ketoconazole may be used by some to treat tinea versicolor with the dosage regimens being short and requiring the use of only a few doses. The preferred regimens for the 3 oral antimycotic agents are as follows: itraconazole - pulse therapy with the drug being administered for 1 week with 3 weeks off treatment between successive pulses; terbinafine - continuous once daily therapy; and fluconazole - once weekly treatment. The regimen for the treatment of dermatophyte onychomycosis is: itraconazole - 200mg twice daily for I week per month x 3 pulses; terbinafine - 250 mg/day for 12 weeks; or, fluconazole - 150 mg/wk until the abnormal-appearing nail plate has grown out, typically over a period of 9 to 18 months. For the 3 oral antifungal agents the more common adverse reactions pertain to the following systems, gastrointestinal (for example, nausea, gastrointestinal distress, diarrhoea, abdominal pain), cutaneous eruption, and CNS (for example, headache and malaise). Each of the new antifungal agents is more cost-effective than griseofulvin for the treatment of onychomycosis and is associated with high compliance, in part because of the shorter duration of therapy. The newer antifungal agents are generally well tolerated with drug interactions that are usually predictable.
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PMID:A risk-benefit assessment of the newer oral antifungal agents used to treat onychomycosis. 1064 75

The aim of the present study is to assess the clinical efficacy of a phytocompound with antimicotic properties (K-712, with the following 100 mg composition: 10 mg of oleoresin from Pseudowintera colorata at 30 percent concentration in Polygodial together with trace amounts of Olea europea) in recurrent vulvo-vaginal candidiasis (RVVC) as compared to an azole drug during a 12-month period: 6 months of treatment followed by 6 months of observation. This prospective randomized study involved 82 women (19-61 years) with complaints of abnormal vaginal discharge and with a history of at least four proven episodes of RVVC in the previous 12 months. Patients were divided into two groups of treatment of 41 patients each and were given: A) Itraconazole 200 mg orally daily for 4 days, then 200 mg once weekly for 6 months or B) 1 tablet twice a day of a K-712 for 4 weeks and then for the first 2 weeks of each month for a total of 6 months. Both groups were then followed-up for further 6 months. Each treatment schedule was well tolerated with only 4 patients in the azole group complaining of transient mild symptoms (nausea, abdominal discomfort, unpleasant taste). Itraconazole reached an earlier symptomatic relief during the first two weeks of observation as compared with K-712 (p<0.05) but both treatments enabled a comparable benefit during the entire treatment study period, afterwards with comparable symptom/sign score (itraconazole vs K-712: 9 vs 11). At 6-month observation, mycological cure was reached by 83 percent in the itraconazole group and in 78 percent of the K-712-treated patients. During the further 6-month observation period without treatment, the itraconazole group showed significantly more relapses (65.7 vs 34.2 in K-712, p<0.05) and at the end of the whole 12-month study period the mycological cure was significantly higher in the K-712-treated patients (65.8 vs 34.3 percent, p<0.05). There was a non- significant trend increase of less drug-susceptible species in the itraconazole group. From these preliminary data it would appear that a natural antifungal phytocompound proves to be as good as itraconazole in the maintenance treatment of RVVC. Moreover, this approach seems to maintain a higher mycological success rate afterwards by reducing the number of relapses and probably of the growth of azole-resistant species.
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PMID:Protective effect of an oral natural phytonutrient in recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a 12-month study. 2221 87

The aim of the present study was to assess the clinical efficacy of a one week/month treatment with a phytocompound with antimycotic properties (K-712, with following 100 mg composition: 10 mg of oleoresin from Pseudowintera colorata at 30 percent concentration in Polygodial together with trace amounts of Olea europea) in recurrent vulvo-vaginal candidiasis (RVVC), as compared to once a week treatment with an azole drug for 24 months follow up. This prospective randomized study involving 122 women (19 to 63 years old) with a history of proven episodes of RVVC in the prior 12 months. Patients were allocated in two treatment groups of 61 patients each and given A) Itraconazole 200 mg orally once a week or B) 1 tab twice a day of K-712 for one week/month. Each treatment schedule was well tolerated with 19 patients in the azole group complaining of transient mild symptoms (nausea, abdominal discomfort, unpleasant taste), while only 3 patients on K-712 reported slight dyspepsia. The number of relapses was significantly lower in the K-712-treated group as compared to the itraconazole-group (22 vs 39, p less than 0.05). Moreover, the former group showed a significantly decreased number of cases resistant or dose-dependent susceptible as compared to group A (p less than 0.05 vs itraconazole) and the same occurred for the occurrence of non-albicans species (group A 64.1 percent vs group B 31.8 percent, p less than 0.05). The overall mycological cure at the end of the 2-year study showed a comparable benefit between the two groups. From these data it appears that the present antifungal phytonutrient is equally effective as itraconazole in the overall treatment of RVVC over a 2-year follow-up, but yielding a significantly better prophylactic effect and also maintenance benefit with lower relapse rate, antifungal susceptibility and growth of azole-resistant species.
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PMID:Prophylactic strategies in recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a 2-year study testing a phytonutrient vs itraconazole. 2415 52