Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Prevalence rates of various side effects were studied comparatively among 3 oral contraceptive preparations containing 50 mcg of the estrogen component. Norinyl 1/50, Ovral, and Norlestrin 1 were each randomly assigned to groups of 160 healthy women who had consented to participate in the study designed to quantitate probabilities of experiencing specific side effects and of their continuing into the subsequent cycles. Acne, breast discomfort, nausea, abdominal bloating, headache, fatigue, depression, irritability, vaginal discharge, and breakthrough bleeding were the specific side effects studied; only breakthrough bleedings showed a statistical difference in prevalence. The rate of breakthrough bleeding associated with Ovral use in the 1st 3 cycles (16.6%) was significantly (P .05) lower than that associated with using either Norinyl or Norlestrin (46% and 51.7%, respectively). Norelestrin, aside from breakthrough bleeding, was reported as generally freer of side effects than the other 2 preparations. The probabilities of side effects being experienced in the 2nd or 3rd cycle after the effect(s) was experienced in the 1st cycle showed that overall, for all 3 combination pills, the probabilities significantly decreased from the 2nd to the 3rd cycle (P .05). Also examined was the probability that a side effect would occur in the 2nd or 3rd cycle if the user had not experienced such an effect in the 1st cycle. In each instance, the probabilities are significantly lower (P .05) than the corresponding probabilities where the symptom had been experienced in a previous cycle. These data support the contention that side effects experienced on inititation of oral contraceptives should not prohibit its continuation because the majority of symptoms will disappear as the patient becomes accustomed to the hormonal preparation.
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PMID:The probability of side effects with ovral, norinyl 1/50 and norlestrin. 16 Aug 60

Acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, delays absorption of carbohydrate in the gut, thereby lowering postprandial glucose levels. Safety data on this drug have been gathered in a series of studies on animals and in extensive clinical trials in humans. Although an initial long term feeding study in rats showed an excess of renal tumours at very high dosages of acarbose (up to 300 mg/kg bodyweight daily), further evaluation with similar studies in rats, hamsters, and dogs indicated that the problem was related to carbohydrate malabsorption. With adequate glucose intake and in gavage studies, no difference in tumour incidence between placebo- and acarbose-treated groups was seen. From 1976 to 1989, safety data on acarbose were obtained in approximately 8800 patients in 2 separate groups of clinical trials, the Bayer International Clinical Data Pool and the American phase III trials. Almost all adverse experiences, as reported by 56 to 76% of patients on acarbose vs 32 to 37% of patients on placebo, were related to the digestive system and included diarrhoea, flatulence, bloating and nausea. Most symptoms were of mild to moderate intensity and tended to improve with time. In the American trials a small but significant increase in liver transaminases was seen, 3.8% in acarbose-treated patients vs 0.9% in controls together with a 1% increase in anaemia in the acarbose group. Overall, acarbose was well tolerated and the adverse experience profile was clinically acceptable.
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PMID:Safety profile of acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. 128 May 77

Delayed gastric emptying, gastroparesis, is one of the sequelae of diabetes mellitus. Symptoms may include postprandial nausea, epigastric pain, bloating, vomiting, early satiety and unpredictable blood sugar fluctuations. Nowadays diagnosis is made by the measurement of gastric emptying with a radionuclide test meal. Using this technique some 50% of diabetic patients show signs of disordered gastric emptying. Relief is best delivered by agents promoting gastric emptying. In phase II single-dose studies metoclopramide, domperidone, cisapride, erythromycin and renzapride were all able to enhance gastric evacuation of solid and liquid meals in patients with diabetic gastroparesis. A few short term studies support the efficacy of domperidone and renzapride, but long term trials are lacking. Erythromycin, mimicking the potent gastrokinetic effect of motilin, may hold considerable promise for the future. Experience with erythromycin in diabetic gastroparesis is nonetheless very limited. To some extent the therapeutic effectiveness of metoclopramide and cisapride has been established in placebo-controlled trials. In trials with a placebo-controlled crossover design, however, only metoclopramide showed a sustained positive effect. Metoclopramide, which combines gastrokinetic and antiemetic properties seems, so far, the best therapeutic option in diabetic gastroparesis. Cisapride may be considered as a good alternative in cases where limited efficacy or side effects preclude the use of metoclopramide.
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PMID:Diabetic gastroparesis. A critical reappraisal of new treatment strategies. 128 Oct 70

This study examined the relationship between gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and dietary intake in triathletes. Fifty-five male triathletes (age 31 +/- 6 yrs) were surveyed regarding the most recently completed half Iron Man triathlon. Questions were asked regarding GI symptoms and dietary intake. Fifty-two percent complained of eructation and 48% of flatulence. Other symptoms were abdominal bloating, vomiting urge, vomiting, nausea, stomachache, intestinal cramps, and diarrhea. More symptoms occurred while running than at other times. All individuals who had eaten within 30 min of the start vomited while swimming. Fat and protein intake was greater in those who vomited or had the urge to vomit than in those without these symptoms. Of the former, 93% had consumed a hypertonic beverage. Forty percent of those who drank a hypertonic beverage and only 11% of those who drank an iso- or hypotonic beverage had severe complaints. Four of five individuals with stomachache had consumed a strongly hypertonic beverage. All subjects with intestinal cramps had eaten fiber-rich foods in the prerace meal; only 10% of those without cramps had done so.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal complaints in relation to dietary intake in triathletes. 133 83

The effects of a 7% carbohydrate-electrolyte drink (CE) and an artificially sweetened placebo (P) on performance and physiological function were compared during a 40-km run in the heat. Eight highly trained male runners completed two runs on a measured outdoor course. The first 35 km of each run was performed at self-selected training pace and the last 5 km at race effort. Under a counterbalanced, double-blind design, subjects consumed 400 ml of either CE or P 30 min prior to exercise, and 250 ml every 5 km thereafter during the run. Rectal temperature, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, sweat rate, and respiratory exchange ratio were similar during the run for CE and P. Serum Na+, K+, Cl-, total protein, osmolality, blood lactate, urea nitrogen, and % change in plasma volume were also similar for both drink conditions; however, blood glucose was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) with CE. Running performance in the last 5 km was significantly faster (P less than 0.03) during CE (21.9 min) compared with P (24.4 min). Subjects reported no differences in stomach upset, bloating, or nausea between P and CE. Results indicate that CE replacement elicits similar thermoregulatory and physiological responses during prolonged running in the heat but increases run performance and blood glucose when compared with P.
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PMID:Carbohydrate-electrolyte replacement improves distance running performance in the heat. 140 80

Motility-like dyspepsia, a clinical subgroup of functional dyspepsia, refers to the cluster of symptoms which suggests an underlying motility disturbance of the upper gut. Characteristic symptoms, in addition to upper abdominal pain or discomfort, are nausea, vomiting, early satiety, anorexia, postprandial abdominal bloating and excessive repetitive postprandial belching. Patients with concomitant symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome are currently excluded from this clinical entity. Delayed gastric emptying of solids and/or liquids, postprandial antral hypomotility and antroduodenal incoordination, gastric myoelectrical arrhythmias and dysfunction of visceral afferents are the major alterations in upper gut sensorimotor activity which have been described. An empirical trial of medical therapy is warranted if there are no "alarm" symptoms at presentation. If symptoms are not relieved after 2-4 weeks, then investigations of the upper gastrointestinal tract, preferably by endoscopy, to exclude the presence of organic disease, is advisable. Management approaches are then reassurance, dietary manipulations and attention to psychosocial aspects. Prokinetic agents appear to be useful as short-term medical therapy in some patients, but optimum long-term treatment strategies, including the use of medications which may improve a diminished tolerance to gut distension, are not established.
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PMID:Motility-like dyspepsia. Current concepts in pathogenesis, investigation and management. 144 83

The most certain symptomatic manifestation of gallstones is episodic upper abdominal pain. Characteristically, this pain is severe and located in the epigastrium and/or the right upper quadrant. The onset is relatively abrupt and often awakens the patient from sleep. The pain is steady in intensity, may radiate to the upper back, be associated with nausea and lasts for hours to up to a day. Dyspeptic symptoms of indigestion, belching, bloating, abdominal discomfort, heartburn and specific food intolerance are common in persons with gallstones, but are probably unrelated to the stones themselves and frequently persist after surgery. Many, if not most, persons with gallstones have no history of pain attacks. Persons discovered to have gallstones in the absence of typical symptoms appear to have an annual incidence of biliary pain of 2-5% during the initial years of follow-up, with perhaps a declining rate thereafter. Gallstone-related complications occur at a rate of less than 1% annually. Those whose stones are symptomatic at discovery have a more severe course, with approximately 6-10% suffering recurrent symptoms each year and 2% biliary complications. The far higher rates of symptom development reported in a few studies raise the possibility that these incidence estimates may be too low. The best predictors of future biliary pain are a history of pain at the time of diagnosis, female gender and possibly obesity. The risk of acute cholecystitis appears to be greater in those with large solitary stones, that of biliary pancreatitis in those with multiple small stones, and that of gallbladder cancer in those with large stones of any number. Drugs that inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins may now be the treatment of choice in patients with gallstones who are suffering acute pain attacks. Persistent dyspeptic symptoms occur frequently following cholecystectomy. A prolonged history of such symptoms prior to surgery and evidence of significant psychological distress appear to be the best predictors of unsatisfactory outcome.
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PMID:Symptoms of gallstone disease. 148 6

55 women took the combined oral contraceptive Minulet (30 mcg ethinyl estradiol and 75 mcg gestodene) for 42 consecutive days, using 2 active pill strips, to lengthen the interval between withdrawal bleeding and assess acceptability. The study was an open multi-center trial in which 38 general practitioners each supervised 1 or 2 women. The women averaged 27 years old (range 18-40), and had used Minulet without problems for the previous 6 months. 10 women noted spotting, and 2 had breakthrough bleeding, both after Day 21 of pill intake. There was 1 dropout for unrelated medical reasons. Other minor side effects were breast tenderness (7%), nausea (4%), abdominal bloating (4%), headache (2%), and dysmenorrhea (2%). 92% of the women reported extreme to moderate satisfaction, but 4% were not satisfied because of breakthrough bleeding. Nevertheless, these data on breakthrough bleeding were much lower than published data from trials with other combined pills, especially those containing levonorgestrel.
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PMID:The acceptance of a 7-week cycle with a modern low-dose oral contraceptive (Minulet). 155 35

Acute Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with dyspeptic symptoms but chronic infection has not clearly been shown to cause symptoms. To define further the role of H. pylori infection and gastritis in dyspepsia, we interviewed all patients about to undergo upper endoscopy, recorded the primary indication for endoscopy, noted the endoscopic findings, and obtained antral biopsies. Among non-ulcer patients there was a strong correlation of acute gastritis with H. pylori. Gastritis and H. pylori increased with age, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use correlated with normal histology. Neither H. pylori concentration nor gastritis grade correlated with gender, use of alcohol and tobacco, indication for endoscopy, or symptoms (epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating, belching, heartburn, halitosis, and flatulence).
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PMID:Symptoms, gastritis, and Helicobacter pylori in patients referred for endoscopy. 851 92

Gastric and gallbladder emptying after a standard liquid meal were studied in 65 patients with early satiety, bloating, pain at the right hypochondrium or the epigastrium, nausea, and occasionally vomiting. Fifty normal subjects were studied as a control group. Gastric and gallbladder emptying were evaluated by means of real-time ultrasonography (RUS). Serial RUS scans were made after a 12-hr fast and every 15 min after a standard meal for 2 hr. Patients were considered to have delayed gastric emptying or hypokinetic gallbladder when gastric diameters and gallbladder volume evaluated 45 min after meal were 2 SD above the corresponding mean values of the normal subject group. Fifteen patients (23%) were found with delayed gastric emptying and 20 (30.7%) a reduced gallbladder emptying. None of our patients showed delayed gastric emptying and hypokinetic gallbladder simultaneously. The 20 patients with reduced gallbladder emptying were included in a double-blind randomized, placebo controlled, change-over study with cisapride (10 mg three times a day) for 30 days. Cisapride treatment reversed the gallbladder hypomotility within the normal range while placebo did not change the response to meal. Symptom score improved significantly after cisapride and placebo. It is concluded that in dyspeptic patients with reduced gallbladder response to a meal cisapride may be of help in improving the kinetic abnormality. Dyspeptic symptoms, however, do not seem to be corrected with the described gallbladder motor abnormality.
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PMID:Gallbladder hypokinesia and normal gastric emptying of liquids in patients with dyspeptic symptoms. A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial with cisapride. 834 18


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