Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Side effects of pentagastrin were registered in 50 patients before application of a gastric suction drainage tube, during the basal secretion period as well as after injection of 6 microgram/kg pentagastrin resp. 1 ml of physiological saline. Discrete symptoms occurred significantly more frequently after pentagastrin application: 28% of patients complained about nausea, 24% about tremor, 22% about hot feeling. These sensations occurred immediately after injection and continued for several minutes. In 4 persons the test had to be stopped because of collapse. There was no correlation between the frequency of symptoms, age of the patient, sex or gastric acidity. Causal relationships to lowering of blood pressure or changes of gastrointestinal motility are discussed.
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PMID:[Subjective tolerance of pentagastrin test (author's transl)]. 67 79

The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage and administration of omeprazole are reviewed. Omeprazole, a substituted benzimidazole, has a unique site and mechanism of action because it inhibits the proton pump--i.e., hydrogen, potassium adenosine triphosphatase (H+,K+-ATPase)--and consequently blocks the final common step in the gastric acid secretory pathway. Omeprazole inhibits basal and histamine-, gastrin- and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric hydrochloric acid secretion. It produces a dose-dependent reduction in gastric acidity, gastric acid output, and gastric juice volume and has variable effects on pepsin secretion. Omeprazole has no documented effect on esophageal motility or lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Omeprazole is variably absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and food appears to decrease the rate, but not the extent, of drug absorption. The drug is approximately 95% bound to plasma proteins and is metabolized to inactive components that are enterohepatically or renally eliminated. Omeprazole is more effective (in most studies) than H2-receptor antagonists in treating duodenal ulcer, at least as effective in treating benign gastric ulcer, and more effective in treating reflux esophagitis. Omeprazole has been used successfully in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome refractory to treatment with H2-receptor antagonists. Gastrointestinal complaints (nausea and diarrhea) are the most commonly reported adverse effects associated with omeprazole therapy. The most frequently reported laboratory abnormality occurring with omeprazole use is elevation of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase concentrations. Omeprazole will serve a valuable role in the management of gastrointestinal tract ulcers and hypersecretory conditions.
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PMID:Therapeutic evaluation of omeprazole. 306 85

Carprofen is a new non-steroidal compound with analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic properties. Eighty patients with different types of extra-articular inflammatory processes such as periarthritis humero-scapularis, tendinitis, bursitis, etc., were studied by means of two double-blind protocol designs comparing carprofen 150 and 300 mg daily, either as a b.i.d. or a t.i.d. administration, for two weeks. The criteria to determine the therapeutic properties of the compound was based on the improvement of spontaneous pain, pain with movement and functional limitation. Evolution of symptoms showed that either 150 or 300 mg carprofen administered as a b.i.d. schedule, were equally effective (chi 2 test between groups was not significant). According to a t.i.d. schedule results were better with 300 mg. General tolerance was excellent and only 15% of the patients receiving 300 mg complained of side-effects, such as nausea, mild dermatitis, acidity and insomnia. In conclusion, carprofen 150 or 300 mg has a good therapeutical activity in extra-articular inflammatory processes, employing either a b.i.d. or a t.i.d. schedule.
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PMID:Experience with carprofen in extra-articular inflammatory processes. 698 66

In a prospective five-year follow-up study of 289 consecutive patients subjected to antrectomy and gastroduodenostomy with or without vagotomy, 130 patients underwent gastroscopy. Gastric mycosis was present almost exclusively in patients subjected to combined antrectomy and vagotomy (36%). Gastric acidity seemed to be of only minor or no importance in the development of the mycosis. The residual volume in the gastric remnant was significantly higher in patients with gastric mycosis. The impaired emptying of the gastric remnant is most likely a vagotomy effect and may be the main reason for the development of gastric mycosis. A simple but effective method was developed to evacuate gastric yeast cell aggregates. Gastric mycosis seems to give rise to only slight symptoms, mainly nausea and foul-smelling belching, whereas the reflux of duodenal contents that often occurred in combination with gastric mycosis was more likely to cause gastritis and substantial discomfort.
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PMID:Gastric mycosis following gastric resection and vagotomy. 709 48

Helicobacter pylori is susceptible to many antibacterial drugs in vitro but has proved difficult to eradicate in vivo. The macrolide clarithromycin has good activity against H. pylori in vitro and has demonstrated the highest eradication rate for any antibacterial monotherapy in vivo. However, it is clear that antibacterial monotherapy is not a sufficiently effective treatment for patients with H. pylori infection. The suggestion that high intragastric acidity impairs the action of antibacterial drugs led to the evaluation of combination H. pylori eradication regimens including H+,K+-ATPase inhibitors and antibacterial drug(s) with or without bismuth compounds. Noncomparative studies evaluating the efficacy of dual therapy with clarithromycin plus omeprazole in patients with H. pylori infection have reported eradication rates of between 58 and 83% > or = 4-weeks after therapy. In comparative studies, clarithromycin plus omeprazole was at least as effective as amoxicillin plus omeprazole. However, direct comparisons have shown that eradication rates achieved by dual therapy are not as high as those achieved by triple therapy. Indeed, triple therapy with clarithromycin plus omeprazole in combination with amoxicillin or a nitroimidazole has achieved eradication rates of up to 100%. Although 14-day triple drug regimes were initially considered necessary for effective eradication, it now seems clear that 7-day regimes are equally effective. Factors known to influence response to H. pylori eradication therapy include bacterial resistance and patient compliance. A review of 4 studies evaluating the efficacy of dual eradication therapy with clarithromycin plus omeprazole reported an overall incidence of adverse events (patient or investigator reported, whether related to treatment or not) of 45%. The most common adverse event was taste disturbance (an adverse event commonly reported during the development of clarithromycin); nausea, headache, diarrhoea, vomiting and abdominal pain occurred less frequently. Although dual therapy might be expected to cause fewer adverse events than triple therapy this has not been the case in direct comparisons conducted to date. Thus, although clarithromycin plus omeprazole is associated with an H. pylori eradication rate of approximately 70%, 1 week of triple therapy with these 2 drugs together with amoxicillin or a nitroimidazole, which eradicates the organism in approximately 90% of cases, may represent optimal H. pylori eradication therapy.
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PMID:Clarithromycin and omeprazole as helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in patients with H. pylori-associated gastric disorders. 874 Dec 37

Breath tests are quick, noninvasive, simple to perform and reliable. In particular in patients with diarrhea, bloating, nausea and uncharacteristic abdominal symptoms, the H2 breath test is highly useful. Using this procedure, malabsorption of various different carbohydrates, the absorptive performance of the upper abdominal tract, the orocecal transit time, or bacterial overgrowth in the small bowel, can be determined. Using 24-hour pH-metry, the acidity in the stomach and esophagus can be measured, and reflux disease, for example, diagnosed. Today, elevated fat in the stool is detected on the basis of the beta carotene level in the serum. Further function tests for the detection of pancreatic insufficiency, such as the determination of fecal pancreatic elastase, are also available.
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PMID:[Gastroenterological function tests in the GP's office]. 1661 63

The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of listeriosis, a highly fatal opportunistic foodborne infection. Listeria spp. are isolated from a diversity of environmental sources, including soil, water, effluents, a large variety of foods, and the feces of humans and animals. Recent outbreaks demonstrated that L. monocytogenes can cause gastroenteritis in otherwise healthy individuals and more severe invasive disease in immunocompromised patients. Common symptoms include fever, watery diarrhea, nausea, headache, and pains in joints and muscles. The intestinal tract is the major portal of entry for L. monocytogenes, whereby strains penetrate the mucosal tissue either directly, via invasion of enterocytes, or indirectly, via active penetration of the Peyer's patches. Studies have revealed the strategy taken by the bacteria to overcome changes in oxygen tension, osmolarity, acidity, and the sterilizing effects of bile or antimicrobial peptides to adapt to conditions in the gut. In addition, L. monocytogenes has evolved species-specific strategies for intestinal entry by exploiting the interaction between the internalin protein and its receptor E-cadherin, or inducing diarrhea and an inflammatory response via the activity of its hemolytic toxin, listeriolysin. The ability of these bacteria to survive in bile-rich environments, and to induce depletion of sentinel cells such as Paneth cells that monitor the luminal burden of commensal bacteria, suggest strategies that have evolved to promote intestinal survival. Preexisting gastrointestinal disease may be a risk factor for infection of the gastrointestinal tract with L. monocytogenes. Currently, there is enough evidence to warrant consideration of L. monocytogenes as a possible etiology in outbreaks of febrile gastroenteritis, and for further studies to examine the genetic structure of Listeria strains that have a propensity to cause gastrointestinal versus systemic infections.
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PMID:Listeria as an enteroinvasive gastrointestinal pathogen. 1981 83

Background. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may present with gastroesophageal and extraesophageal symptoms. Currently, the frequencies of gastroesophageal and extragastroesophageal symptoms in Asian patients with different categories of GERD remain unclear. Aim. To investigate the frequencies of gastroesophageal and extragastroesophageal symptoms in patients with mild erosive esophagitis, severe erosive esophagitis, and Barrett's esophagus of GERD. Methods. The symptoms of symptomatic subjects with (1) Los Angeles grade A/B erosive esophagitis, (2) Los Angeles grade C/D erosive esophagitis, and (3) Barrett's esophagus proven by endoscopy were prospectively assessed by a standard questionnaire for gastroesophageal and extragastroesophageal symptoms. The frequencies of the symptoms were compared by Chi-square test. Result. Six hundred and twenty-five patients (LA grade A/B: 534 patients; LA grade C/D: 37 patients; Barrett's esophagus: 54 patients) were assessed for gastroesophageal and extragastroesophageal symptoms. Patients with Los Angeles grade A/B erosive esophagitis had higher frequencies of symptoms including epigastric pain, epigastric fullness, dysphagia, and throat cleaning than patients with Los Angeles grade C/D erosive esophagitis. Patients with Los Angeles grade A/B erosive esophagitis also had higher frequencies of symptoms including acid regurgitation, epigastric acidity, regurgitation of food, nausea, vomiting, epigastric fullness, dysphagia, foreign body sensation of throat, throat cleaning, and cough than patients with Barrett's esophagus. Conclusion. The frequencies of some esophageal and extraesophageal symptoms in patients with Los Angeles grade A/B erosive esophagitis were higher than those in patients with Los Angeles grade C/D erosive esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus. The causes of different symptom profiles in different categories of GERD patients merit further investigations.
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PMID:The Frequencies of Gastroesophageal and Extragastroesophageal Symptoms in Patients with Mild Erosive Esophagitis, Severe Erosive Esophagitis, and Barrett's Esophagus in Taiwan. 2399 65