Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The contraceptive efficacy and side effects of postcoital levonorgestrel used repeatedly during the peri-ovulatory period of one cycle was examined in 259 women. All subjects were of proven fertility in their present union and had ovulatory cycles as assessed from pre-treatment BBT charts. The mean number of coital acts during the treatment cycle was 7.5 (SD:2.6) and the mean number of 0.75 mg levonorgestrel tablets taken during the peri-ovulatory period was 4.0 (SD:1.2). Two pregnancies, both considered to be method failures, occurred, giving a failure rate of 0.8% per treated cycle. Although the overall effect of levonorgestrel on menstrual cycle length was small and insignificant, menstrual cycle disturbances were not uncommon. Intermenstrual bleeding or spotting occurred in 8.5% of the treated cycles and 12.5% of the cycles were less than 20 or more than 35 days. Other side effects, mainly nausea, headache and dizziness, were reported by about 20% of the subjects but the apparent incidence of these complaints varied markedly between the nine participating centres from 0% to just over 50%. The data suggest that repeated postcoital use of levonorgestrel is probably not a viable approach to fertility regulation for the majority of women who have regular intercourse and wish to limit the number of their pregnancies.
 ...
PMID:Postcoital contraception with levonorgestrel during the peri-ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle. Task Force on Post-ovulatory Methods for Fertility Regulation. 311 86

Synthetic estrogen-gestagen preparations represent a practically 100% efficient birth control method that in addition have a regulating effect on the menstrual cycle, while lowering the frequency with which such diseases as PID. However, side effects due to the metabolic influence of the steroids limit their usage. During recent years, contraceptives with varying steroid contents, imitating the variations of the level of sex hormones in the blood during the menstrual cycle, so-called triphasic contraceptives, have been used. The article describes a comparative study of the efficiency and tolerance of two hormonal contraceptives, containing low doses of steroid components: monophasic Rigevidon and triphasic Triquilar. 110 healthy women aged 20-41 using these two contraceptives for a period of 3-12 months were observed. 14.5% using Rigevidon and 16.4% using Triquilar developed side-effects, e.g., coarsened mammary glands and gastrointestinal irregularities (with a frequency almost twice as high for Rigevidon users), headaches, and nausea. The side effects usually occurred during the first months of usage and then disappeared. Intermenstrual bleeding was observed 1.5 times less frequently for users of Rigevidon. No instances of arterial hypertension were reported. Planned pregnancies occurred for 14 of 15 patients within 6 months after discontinuation of the contraceptive. Spontaneous menstruation reoccurred during 26-35 days for all patients taking Rigevidon and for 96.5% of women using Triquilar. Triquilar shows less pronounced influence on the systolic and diastolic indicators than Rigevidon and the frequency of interrupted menstrual cycles during the first months of contraception was lower. High efficiency, low frequency of side effects, absence of clinically manifested complications reflect the high acceptability of the estrogen-gestagen-containing contraceptives, Rigevidon and Triquilar.
 ...
PMID:[Acceptability of hormonal contraceptives with a low steroid content]. 319 8

Dr. J.M. Manautou, Director of Research, Mexican Institute of Social Security, gave a report on a study of continuous administration of 500 mug. of chlormadinone acetate to regulate fertility without inhibiting ovulation. Smaller doses (400,300 and 250 mug.) were used as well, in fewer patients and with less satisfactory results. The 500 mug. dose was used in 1123 women for a total of 13,202 cycles; 121 of these women received the treatment for 21 uninterrupted cycles. All the women in this study were under 36 years of age. Of the 1123 women on the 500 mug. dose, 40 became pregnant; six of these pregnancies were taken to be method failures because the women denied suspending treatment at any stage, and the other 34 were classed as patient failures. This gave a clinical efficiency for the method of 3.7 pregnancies per 100 woman-years. A special test was carried out on some of the women taking part in the study to check their accuracy regarding omission of treatment. Nearly half of those tested left out one or more tablets without admitting this; the presentation of the tablets did not allow the women to check whether they had omitted tablets or not. Dr. Manautou considered that better presentation would keep the women informed about the number of tablets they had taken and would obviate patient failures. Chlormadinone acetate was taken by 10 women who had become pregnant, until their amenorrhoea was correctly diagnosed. All these pregnancies were normal, with eight male and two female babies. No congenital abnormalities or signs of virilization were found. On continuous administration of chlormadinone acetate, menstrual bleeding occurred at 21-24 day intervals in 11.8% of cycles, at 25-35 day intervals in 65.5% of cycles, and at 36-59 day intervals in 20.6%. In no case did menstruation cease. In only 19 women was there menorrhagia of such proportions that the tablets had to be stopped. Intermenstrual bleeding occurred in 20.3% during the first cycle of administration; this percentage decreased over successive cycles until by the 20st cycle it occurred in only 2.1%. In most cases it was slight. Mechanism of action: This is not yet completely clear, but a number of investigations were carried out to try to discover how the compound acts. In 380 endometrial biopsies, 37.9% were irregularly secretory, 30.5% normally secretory, 15% irregular, 9.5% proliferative, and only 7.1% inactive. Culdoscopic studies were carried out in 50 women; in 37 a corpus luteum was present, in six the ovary appeared inactive, in three there was follicular activity without corpus luteum formation, three had cysts in the ovary, and one had a -corpus luteum not of recent origin. In 18 of the 37 cases in which a corpus luteum was found ovarian biopsy was done. The presence of an active corpus luteum was diagnosed in 12. Cervical mucus was investigated in 115 women between the 12th and 16th days of the first three cycles of continuous treatment. The physico-chemical characteristics of the mucus were modified in a way that made it hostile to the entry of sperms. Further, more precise, tests on the cervical mucus will need to be done to reach definite conclusions in this respect. There was a low incidence of side-effects caused by hormonal imbalance, such as nausea, vomiting, chloasma, and mastalgia. The only side-effect that was troublesome was breakthrough bleeding.
 ...
PMID:Low-dose oral products. 1225 2

Ex Luton, an estrogen-free pill composed of 0.5 mg lynestrenol was given to 92 nonlactating women of proven fertility attending the Family Planning Clinic in the Misr Spinning and Weaving Company's Hospital at Mehalla-Kubra, Egypt. 695 cycles were given: 30 women received the pill for less than 6 cycles, and 62 for more than 6. 31 of the 62 continued the pill for more than 12 cycles. Pills were given daily without interruption. There were no cases of pregnancy during regular use. 2 cases of pregnancy occurred due to patient failure, 1 missing 6 pills in the 2nd cycle, and the other missing 2 in the 6th. 2 women who dropped out of the program because they wished to become pregnant did so: 1 who had taken only 1 cycle of pills became pregnant 1 month after dropping out; the 2nd completed 12 cycles and became pregnant 5 months after dropping out. The most common side effects that occur with combined pills appeared to be less frequent in the current study. Headache, nausea and sense of weakness, all present before use of the pill, either decreased or increased only slightly afterwards. Although amenorrhea was reported by 27% of the women after pill use -- a 5-fold increase -- it was noted in only 11.6% of the cycles and was not permanent, although 9 women dropped the pill because of it. Intermenstrual bleeding was a complaint of 12 women before pill use, and of 13 after. It was present only in 17 cycles, but was severe enough in 6 cases to make them drop the pill.
 ...
PMID:Use of an oestrogen-free pill (Ex Luton) for contraception. 1231 Oct 50

Between the fall of 1991 and the fall of 1992, 1500 physicians from throughout France followed 5989 women, 13-56 years old, using the combined oral contraceptive (OC) Moneva (30 mcg ethinyl estradiol and 75 mcg of the new generation progestogen, gestodene) for 3-6 months for a total of 29,000 cycles. Moneva was prescribed in 60% of the cases because the women did not tolerate a previous OC. Moneva effectively prevented pregnancy. It reduced the rate of abnormal cycles (5.4% of cycles vs. 0.9% at 3 months and 0.6% at 6 months). Intermenstrual bleeding also decreased in frequency from 13.8% to 6.1% at 6 months. Amenorrhea occurred less often with Moneva (2.8% vs. 1.1% at 3 and 6 months). Moneva also reduced the length of the menstrual period (20.7% of women with long period vs. 3.3% at 6 months) and excessive menstruation (1.4% vs. 0.2% at 6 months). Pain during menstruation, breast tenderness, and secondary effects occurred less frequently as well (37.1% vs. 13.5% at 3 months and 9/7% at 6 months, 13% vs. 7.9% at 6 months, and 15.1% vs. 11.1% at 3 months and 9% at 6 months, respectively). Secondary effects included headaches, nausea, and heavy legs. Moneva did not affect body weight or arterial blood pressure. 95% of women who took Moneva for 6 months were satisfied with it. 83.8% said that they would continue to use it. In conclusion, Moneva is an effective, safe, tolerable, and acceptable OC for women of all ages.
 ...
PMID:[Oral contraception with Moneva: findings of a cohort study of 6000 women]. 1231 72