Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pregnon is a new low-dosage ovulation-inhibiting agent containing 1 mg of lynestrenol and .05 mg of ethinyl estradiol in each tablet. It is also marketed under the name of Pregnon 28 or Ovostat 28 in which each package contains 22 active plus 6 placebo tablets. Data were collected from Belgian clinics and evaluated by the Medical Unit of Organon in Belgium and the Netherlands. During this study, 639 women of fertile age were monitored through 9159 cycles. The maximum period of treatment was 36 cycles. Clinical and gynecological examinations were made before treatment and then every 2 or 3 months. Treatment was begun by taking the 1st tablet on the 1st day of menstruation. After taking 22 tablets there was a 6-day tablet-free interval during which withdrawal bleeding usually occurred. The intensity of the withdrawal bleeding was normal in 57.3%, slight in 41.7%, and heavy in 1%. Spotting was noted in 3.1% of the cycles and breakthrough bleeding occurred in 2.9%. Usually they occurred in the first 3 cycles. Amenorrhea was observed in 2.9% of the cycles. Body weights were relatively unchanged. Blood pressures remained the same. Side effects were headache, nausea, vomiting, breast tenderness, heavy legs, leucorrhea, nervousness, depression, and decreased libido. Only 46 patients discontinued treatment because of these drug effects yielding an acceptability level of about 93%. Since no pregnancies occurred during this study, the Pearl index was 0.
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PMID:Clinical evaluation of a new oral contraceptive, 'Pregnon'. 114 83

To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Minulet, a new low-dose combination oral contraceptive (OC) containing 75 mcg of gestodene and 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol, a multicenter trial involving 239 women was conducted in Switzerland. Of the 239 subjects, 187 (78%) were monitored for 6 cycles of OC use and 24 (10%) were followed for 3 cycles, yielding a total of 1265 cycles for observation. No pregnancy occurred during the study period, despite the fact that 1 or more pills had been forgotten in 17.1% of cases. Cycle length and the intensity and duration of bleeding were favorably affected by Minulet use, especially in women with a prior history of prolonged, heavy bleeding. Spotting occurred in 8.2% of subjects by cycle 3, but this rate was reduced to 5.9% by cycle 6. Breakthrough bleeding alone occurred in 2.1% of the cycles. The amenorrhea rate was 1.6% after cycle 6. There were no serious side effects, and symptoms such as headache, depression, breast tenderness, acne, nervousness, and dizziness were actually reduced as a result of OC use. Most notable was the decrease in dysmenorrhea, from 40% before beginning OC use to 13% after 3 months and 8% after 6 months. No significant effects on systolic or diastolic blood pressure were recorded among study participants, nor were there significant weight changes. Of the 17 women who terminated the trial due to side effects, metrorrhagia accounted for 17% of the terminations, depression for 14%, nausea for 14%, and headache for 13%. The findings of this trial, in terms of reliability, cycle control, and tolerability, suggest that Minulet has considerable potential as a new contraceptive choice.
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PMID:Clinical experience in Switzerland with the new monophasic oral contraceptive Minulet (75 mcg gestodene, 30 mcg ethinyl oestradiol). 307 5

Highlights of papers presented at an international symposium on advantages and risks of oral contraceptives, and the details of the results of 2 studies are discussed. 1 study compared the effects of a combination of 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and 150 mcg of levonorgestrel with a reduced dose 3-phase combination of these hormones; it involved 489 women with 2777 menstrual cycles for a 6-month period. No pregnancies occurred. Missed menstruation occurred in 0.9% of the cycles with the 3-phase combination, contrasted with 2.3% of the 30/150 mcg combination group. Bleeding disorders were more frequent in the 30/150 pill group (15.7% vs. 10.1%). Spotting occurred in 8% of cases in both groups. The 3-phase pills proved to be safe and were preferred because they caused less bleeding. Another study compared the effects of 2 Swedish-made contraceptives by administering Neovletta (N) to 50%, Trionetta (T) to 25%, and Trionetta 28 (T 28) to another 25% of the 862 women with 6472 menstrual cycles who participated at 12 family planning centers in Sweden. T and N contain the same amount of estrogens, but T contains 40% less gestagen than N. The T 28 treatment also included 7 placebo tablets. Results showed that only 1 pregnancy occurred in the T group, despite a high rate of failure to take the pills (8.1-9.4%). Menstruation was normalized in both the N group (90.4%) and the T group (94.2%) reaching the normal 28 (+ or - 2) days cycle. Missed menstruation occurred in 0.6% of the T group as opposed to 2.3% of the N group. There was a significant difference in spotting and irregular bleeding between the 2 groups: 6.3%-15.8% for N and 3.0-9.0% for T. Also, there was a higher rate of bleeding problems for T 28 than for T. 8.6-8.8% of women in both groups quit the experiment because of complications, e.g., bleeding, nausea, headache, and hypertension. Both pills proved to be reliable and safe, but the new 3-phase preparation, T, is recommended because it does not reduce the beneficial HDL cholesterol as does N.
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PMID:[Report from an international symposium about advantages and risks of oral contraceptives. Amsterdam, March 1982]. 692 Nov 98

In a multicenter prospective trial, 58 healthy women aged between 35 and 49 years were studied for one year (639 cycles) while taking an oral contraceptive (OC) containing desogestrel 0.150 mg and ethinylestradiol (EE) 0.020 mg. Efficacy, control of the cycle, side effects, complaints, and climacteric symptoms were monitored after 3, 6, 9 and 12 cycles. No pregnancies occurred during the study period. Spotting gradually decreased from 29.3% in cycle 1 to 4.2% in cycle 12, while breakthrough bleeding (BTB) disappeared after cycle 7. One case of superficial thrombophlebitis and 3 cases of minor side effects were registered. With regard to the complaints, breast tenderness, headache, and depression gradually decreased during the study (basal vs. 12-month data: 50.9% vs. 31.2%, 48.3% vs. 18.7%, 39.6% vs. 20.8%, respectively), while nausea disappeared after three months. A significant treatment-dependent reduction of climacteric symptoms was obtained after cycle 3 and this tendency was maintained up to cycle 12. No changes were registered in body mass index (BMI) or blood pressure.
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PMID:Climacteric symptoms and control of the cycle in women aged 35 years or older taking an oral contraceptive with 0.150 mg desogestrel and 0.020 mg ethinylestradiol. 775 Feb 78

One single silastic capsule containing nomegestrol acetate, Uniplant, was inserted subcutaneously in 100 women of reproductive age who desired to avoid conception. Insertions and removals of the capsules were made in the gluteal region following intracutaneous local anesthesia with 2% procaine. Eighty women completed one year of use. Eleven women bore the implant for 6-11 months. A total of 1,085 women-months were recorded. One pregnancy occurred, resulting in a Pearl Index of 1.1. Bleeding episodes similar to menstruation occurred in all women but the degree of regularity varied from subject to subject. Amenorrhea developed in the range of 14-18% during the first six months of use but declined to less than 10% during the last six months. Menorrhagia likewise was higher in the first six months (18% in the first month) but fell to less than 10% during the last six months. Spotting was 5% or less. Of the twenty women who did not complete one year of use, nine discontinued because they found other methods were either more practical or less revealing. Three discontinued because of bleeding irregularities, three desired to become pregnant, one became pregnant. Other complaints included dizziness, headache, increased blood pressure, loss of libido, painful breasts and nausea. Over half of the women indicated their desire to continue using the single implant as a contraceptive.
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PMID:One year contraception with a single subdermal implant containing nomegestrol acetate (Uniplant). 843 5

Because no contraceptive agent is perfect, patients must weigh the benefits and risks of the contraceptive method they decide to initiate and continue. Individual decision making and provider-client communication interact in complex ways to determine contraceptive behavior. Use of the contraceptive injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) should be preceded by counseling which individualizes its risks and benefits, answers all questions (asked and unasked), and develops a longterm plan to minimize side effects. Counseling should cover the contraceptive and noncontraceptive benefits of DMPA; specific side effects such as bleeding changes, weight changes, and fertility changes; the mechanisms of action; and ways to avoid acquiring sexually transmitted diseases. When evaluating and managing side effects, a differential diagnosis independent of DMPA must be considered first (especially for postcoital bleeding and headache). A pregnancy test should be offered in the first month of amenorrhea, after which no treatment is necessary. Ovulation resumption after use may be spontaneous or may be induced with menotropin therapy. Spotting and breakthrough bleeding may be handled by counseling or by a short course of high-dosage ibuprofen or of low-dose estrogen supplementation. Counseling may help women manage weight gain through caloric reduction and an increase in exercise. Acne which occurs soon after adoption of the method may be managed pharmacologically. Increased intake of dietary fiber and fluids may ameliorate the symptoms of abdominal bloating, and temporary nausea can be treated with antacids. Recent research has shown that depression does not increase with DMPA use, although the contraceptive is sometimes implicated in mood changes. Breast tenderness decreases with prolonged DMPA usage and can be managed with proper support garments and a reduction in other causative agents such as caffeine. Women who experience an increase in varicose veins should wear support hose and elevate their legs when possible. Women with symptoms of hypoestrogenic side effects should undergo a serum estradiol level test and appropriate replacement therapy. DMPA can be used immediately postpartum even in breast-feeding women. Women with amenorrhea should be tested for pregnancy before initiating DMPA or reinitiating use at an interval longer than 11-13 weeks. No adverse side effects have been found if pregnancy does occur.
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PMID:Counseling issues and management of side effects for women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception. 872 1

The contraceptive efficacy, cycle control, and safety of a new low-dose oral contraceptive (OC) containing 20 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and 100 mcg of levonorgestrel were investigated in a multicenter clinical study involving 805 German women (average age, 25.6 years) and a total of 4400 treatment cycles. There was one case of method failure, yielding a Pearl index of 0.29. A regular withdrawal bleed occurred in 95.5% of all treatment cycles. Cycle length and the duration and intensity of withdrawal bleeding were not significantly altered by use of the low-dose OC. Spotting alone occurred in 12.4% of treatment cycles and breakthrough bleeding alone was reported in 4.5%; both symptoms occurred in 1.4% of cycles. Headache, breast tension, and nausea were reported by 17.3%, 11.0%, and 7.7% of women, respectively. Only 8.4% of women discontinued OC use due to adverse events. Finally, there were no clinically relevant changes in laboratory parameters, blood pressure, or body weight. Overall, these findings suggest that substantial reductions in the estrogen and progestogen doses of OCs do not compromise contraceptive efficacy or cycle control.
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PMID:A multicenter, uncontrolled clinical investigation of the contraceptive efficacy, cycle control, and safety of a new low dose oral contraceptive containing 20 micrograms ethinyl estradiol and 100 micrograms levonorgestrel over six treatment cycles. 943 56

208 Swiss and Finnish women took the progestagen-only minipills megestrol acetate .5 mg, chlormadinone acetate .5 mg, or D-norgestrel .03 mg for an average of 5 months. Withdrawal bleeding lasted longer, 5.2-5.3 days (mean) than with conventional pills, 4.6 days. Nausea occurred less frequently, 8.5% in the 1st cycle compared with 25%. Loss of libido was reported about as often as with sequential pills. Breakthrough bleeding at intervals of 21 days or less happened in 225 wi th chlormadinone, 28% with norgestrel, and 8% with megestrol. Spotting was reported in 27% of the cycles on megestrol, 18% on chlormadinone, and 14.5% on norgestrel. The time interval from 1 withdrawal bleeding to the next averaged 29.1 days with megestrol, 25.6 days with chlormadinone, and 24.5 days with norgestrel. The variance of this interval was comparable to the 3 progestagens, but about half as large in Finnish women as in Swiss, indicating that the dose used was too high in the Swiss population.
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PMID:[Experience with three minipills preparations with low dose progestagens for oral contraception]. 1230 10

This report summarizes a meeting of the IPPF International Medical Advisory Panel (IMAP) held in November, 1986, at which information on steroidal oral contraception (OC), Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), and female sterility were discussed. Regarding the multiphasic OC now in use, the benefits to health and well-being outweigh the possible side-effects and infrequent complications. Use is associated with a lower incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease, 96-98% effective prevention of pregnancy, a protective effect against ovarian and endometrial cancer, and regulation of erratic menstrual cycles. Minor side effects include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, fluid retention, and inter-menstrual spotting. Adverse effects are circulatory system disease, myocardial infarction, venous thromboembolism, elevated blood pressure, and liver disease. Data on possible carcinogenicity have been conflicting. For women over age 40 OCs should be prescribed with caution. IMAP also drew up recommendations to assist FPAs to play a more active role in controlling the spread of AIDS. An effective program of Information and Education is of primary importance, targeting family planning workers and clients, teachers, parents, and employers. Wide promotion of condom use is a priority. Studies in Africa have revealed a major epidemic of AIDS, with the major mode of transmission heterosexual. The only immediate practical step in prevention of spread is by changes in sexual behavior. The last topic discussed is that of sterility in African women. The naturally occurring level of infertility expected in all populations of women is 3%; high levels in Africa vary by region from 3-32%. These levels of sterility are acquired through infection with Neisseria gonorrheae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Silent infection of women with Chlamydia make treatment especially difficult.
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PMID:Statement on steroidal oral contraception. 1234 Sep 76

The mechanical dilation of the cervix during induced abortion may cause pain and trauma. A clinical trial was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of applying a hydrophilic polyurethane dilation rod to the cervix to soften tissue and dilate the cervix before the induced abortion. 100 healthy pregnant women aged 19-34 were screened and recruited into the study. The duration of pregnancy ranged from 5.9-12 weeks. The study had 2 purposes: 1) to identify the shortest duration of application of the rod for dilating the cervix and 2) to compare the effectiveness of applying the rod for 1/2, 1, and 2 hours. The study found that the use of the hydrophilic polyurethane rod and a significant effect on dilating the cervix. The effectiveness of the rod application of 2, 3, 6, and 12 hours was similar. The dilation was sufficient except in a few cases. 21-47 of the patients who use the rods for 1 hour and 1/2 hour, respectively, needed additional dilation. The dilation was much easier than it would have been without using the rods. Among all the groups of the rod users, no spontaneous abortion and hemorrhage occurred. Spotting, nausea, and vomiting were observed in a few women. The study results showed that the hydrophilic polyurethane rod is a safe, effective, and economical method of cervix dilation for induced abortion. It can reduce pain, the time needed for suction, and blood loss. The only inconvenience of the method is the increased amount of work. The method is especially attractive to first-time pregnant women, and its use may be expanded in outpatient clinics.
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PMID:[The application of hydrophilic polyurethane rod before vacuum aspiration]. 1234 6


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