Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thirty patients, scheduled for short urological surgical procedures and ranked ASA 1 or 2, were randomly assigned to two homogenous groups. In group P, they were given a 2 mg.kg-1 bolus of propofol and 10 micrograms.kg-1 of alfentanil, followed by a continuous infusion of propofol (5 mg.kg-1.h-1) and 5 micrograms.kg-1 doses of alfentanil. In group E, they were given a 0.3 mg.kg-1 bolus of etomidate, followed by an infusion (1.5 mg.kg-1.h-1). The doses of alfentanil were the same as in group P. Further doses of either propofol (0.5 mg.kg-1) or etomidate (0.2 mg.kg-1) were used should anaesthesia prove not to be deep enough. The patients were not intubated, and breathed spontaneously. Surgery lasted a mean of 18.3 +/- 11.8 min (group P) and 18.8 +/- 9.4 min (group E). The following parameters were studied: the amount of each agent required for maintenance of anaesthesia, the duration of apnoea at induction, the quality of anaesthesia and of muscle relaxation, adverse effects (coughing, trismus, restlessness, nausea, vomiting), the time required for recovery, and its quality. In group P, there was a 27% decrease in arterial pressure, without any tachycardia or hypoxia, together with a quick recovery of excellent quality. On the other hand, in group E, there was little or no haemodynamic alteration, but there often was a trismus at induction. Hypoxia also occurred during induction with etomidate, being severe enough in one case to require tracheal intubation and artificial ventilation. The reasons for this hypoxia seemed to be the apnoea and the trismus, which tends to hinder assisted ventilation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Propofol versus etomidate in short-time urologic surgery]. 144 8

A 9-year-old child was admitted to the hospital with congenital left ureteropelvic junction obstruction with massive left pyelocaliectasis and underwent dismembered pyeloplasty of the left kidney under general anesthesia without complications. Postoperatively, the child was placed on patient-controlled analgesia, with morphine as the drug of choice. The patient was discharged to the ward with adequate pain control and no complaints of nausea or vomiting. Once on the ward, a transdermal scopolamine patch was placed for nausea and vomiting. More than 24 hours after patch placement, the child experienced central anticholinergic syndrome (CAS) with hallucinations and incontinence. The scopolamine patch was promptly removed, and all symptoms of CAS rapidly ceased. A transdermal scopolamine patch should not be used in the pediatric population, and with extreme caution in the elderly. Treatment of CAS includes prompt removal of the patch, cleansing of the area, and possible physostigmine administration.
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PMID:Central anticholinergic syndrome in a pediatric patient following transdermal scopolamine patch placement. 144 54

At the beginning, the way intrathecal morphine was used for postoperative pain relief was quite unfortunate, because the doses derived from experience with morphine-tolerant cancer patients were considerably too high and respiratory depression occurred frequently. Subsequent dose-finding studies showed that the doses of morphine used initially could be reduced by a factor of ten without loss of the analgesic effect and with a marked reduction in side-effects. No respiratory depression has been reported when doses below 0.1 mg morphine are used. METHOD. In this prospective study the effect of 0.06 to 0.08 mg intrathecal morphine, mixed with the local anaesthetic for spinal anesthesia, was investigated in surgical patients aged 21 to 81 years, ASA grade I or II, scheduled for orthopaedic operations or herniorraphies. Thirty unpremedicated patients were enrolled in the study and were, after informed consent, randomly allocated to a control group without morphine or to a morphine group. The analgesic effect was assessed by the time interval between the administration of the spinal anaesthesia and the first demand for an analgesic medication. The mood state was evaluated with the adjective checklist of Janke and Debus 6 h after the spinal anaesthesia. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. In the control group half of the patients asked for an analgesic medication within 275 min (median) after the spinal anaesthesia, and all patients within 420 min, whereas in the morphine group half of the patients asked for an analgesic within 1170 min (median). Seven patients had not required an analgesic at the termination of the observation period 20 h after the spinal anaesthesia. The mood status showed no difference between the two groups, in particular, no dizziness or drowsiness after morphine. There was no difference in the incidence of side-effects such as nausea or urinary retention between the two groups. Pruritus was not reported spontaneously but was found upon questioning in five patients. It was in no case disturbing. CONCLUSIONS. Morphine (0.06 to 0.08 mg) mixed with the local anaesthetic for spinal anaesthesia provided for an analgesia of more than 20 h duration in half of the patients. This technique is safe, simple, reliable and virtually free of side-effects. No particular supervision due to the administration of intrathecal morphine is necessary in this dose range if systemic opiates are avoided. If the analgesia is unsatisfactory, a non-opioid analgesic is recommended.
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PMID:[Intrathecal morphine for postoperative pain]. 146 57

In order to identify the factors to which patients attach importance when undergoing general anaesthesia, 678 patients were retrospectively asked about their recollections of previous anaesthetics during routine preoperative screening over a period of 14 months. The most frequently mentioned recollections concerned the post-anaesthetic period, followed by recollections of the induction of anaesthesia. From the post-anaesthetic period, nausea/vomiting and drowsiness were most often cited. The number of anaesthetics previously undergone had no influence on the reports of the two most frequently mentioned complaints. The rate of nausea/vomiting in this series was 21.0%. The number of patients reporting nausea/vomiting following an anaesthetic has not changed over the years. The last 250 patients were asked to assess the quality of their anaesthetics on a 5-point scale. More than a quarter of the patients were not satisfied with the anaesthesia. No correlation was found between the assessment of the anaesthesia and complaints about nausea/vomiting and drowsiness. The possible role of psychological factors in the origin of complaints about anaesthesia is discussed.
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PMID:Recollections of general anaesthesia: a survey of anaesthesiological practice. 146 11

Certain autonomic variables have been shown to be responsive to motion induced nausea and vomiting. Here we report preliminary data on changes in heart rate, blood volume pulse, pallor and skin temperature assessed during a one hour period at baseline, a one hour period of peak nausea, and a one hour period of emesis in five female patients receiving identical cancer chemotherapy and antiemetic drugs according to a common protocol. Examination of coefficients of variation showed that heart rate and face temperature were more stable measures across each of the three time periods than blood volume pulse and pallor. Furthermore, the four measures were found to be more variable during times of emesis than times of nausea. The four measures were shown to be responsive to patient reported nausea and vomiting. Temperature and pallor showed a linear change from baseline to nausea to vomiting. Heart rate and blood volume pulse significantly decreased from baseline time during nausea and then significantly increased from a time of nausea to during emesis. Variations in the time course of each variable change during nausea supported a view that nausea may be more related to a rebound of parasympathetic activity than a slow decrease of sympathetic activity. Replication with larger samples is needed. Examination of the nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, general anaesthesia or different chemotherapeutic agents could help explore whether results reported here are singular or representative of a more generalisable autonomic response associated with patient reported nausea.
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PMID:Autonomic changes during cancer chemotherapy induced nausea and emesis. 146 1

This study was carried out to assess the efficacy of oral ondansetron, a new 5HT3 receptor antagonist, in patients undergoing thyroid surgery. It included 60 patients, randomly assigned to two groups, and receiving orally, 1 h before induction of anaesthesia, either 8 mg of ondansetron (n = 29) or a placebo (n = 30). One patient was excluded. The same anaesthetic protocol, consisting of 3 to 5 micrograms.kg-1 of fentanyl, 4 to 6 mg.kg-1 of thiopentone, and 0.5 mg.kg-1 of atracurium, was used in all. Anaesthesia was maintained with 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen with 0.8 to 1% endtidal concentration of isoflurane and additional boluses of 0.1 mg of fentanyl as required. The incidence and intensity of nausea, graded mild, moderate or severe, and the incidence of vomiting were recorded postoperatively. During the first twelve hours after surgery, 40% of patients in the placebo group had nausea (16.7% mild, 20% moderate and 6.7% severe), and 50% vomited. In the ondansetron group, nausea and vomiting occurred in 13.8% and 20.4% of patients respectively. The 4 patients in the latter group complained of major nausea. The differences between the groups were statistically significant: p = 0.025 for nausea and p = 0.042 for vomiting. It is concluded that oral ondansetron, 8 mg taken orally 1 h before surgery, significantly reduces the incidence of nausea and vomiting during the first twelve postoperative hours. As it is easy to use and has no side-effects, it might be of interest in day-case surgery patients, despite its high cost.
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PMID:[Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting by ondansetron]. 147 80

Mifepristone (an antiprogesterone) and misoprostol (a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E1) were administered to 60 women diagnosed with missed abortion or anembryonic pregnancy (gestation sac present but no developing embryo) equivalent to 13 weeks' gestation or less who were recruited after counselling. The median age was 227 (range 15-44), and the median duration of amenorrhoea was 71 (42-110) days. 25 of the women had been referred for ultrasound scanning because of bleeding in early pregnancy, while the rest were diagnosed by routine scanning. 29 patients had anembryonic pregnancies, and 31 had a missed abortion. Each patient received a 600 mg single oral dose of mifepristone, and 36-48 hours later misoprostol 600 mcg was given orally (400 mcg and, 2 hours later, 200 mcg). If the products of conception were not expelled within 4 hours, vaginal ultrasonography was performed. 8 patients aborted with mifepristone alone, 43 aborted after taking 600 mcg of misoprostol, and 5 more aborted after receiving a 2nd divided dose of 600 mcg misoprostol. In 3 patients the treatment failed, and they underwent evacuation of the uterus under general anaesthesia. Exploratory curettage was performed in 2 other patients at 14 and 22 days after treatment with misoprostol, but no products of conception were obtained. The median time from administration of misoprostol to abortion was 4 (1-11) hours. The median duration of bleeding after abortion was 10 (2-22) days. Side effects included nausea, vomiting (5 patients received antiemetic drugs), and diarrhoea (7 patients) from misoprostol treatment. 39 women did not want any pain relief, 13 asked for oral analgesia, and 7 obtained parenteral analgesia.
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PMID:Medical management of missed abortion and anembryonic pregnancy. 148 4

A randomised, single-blinded study was conducted to compare patient-controlled epidural analgesia with continuous infusion epidural analgesia for the treatment of pain following post-traumatic pelvic reconstruction. The patient-controlled group (n = 11) received a background infusion of 4 ml.h-1 of bupivacaine 0.125% with fentanyl 1 microgram.ml-1, and 3-6 ml bolus doses, self administered, as required (with a 15 min lockout interval). The continuous infusion group (n = 12) received a continuous infusion of the same solution through an identical apparatus, but with the demand button deactivated. This was started at 10 ml.h-1 and adjusted by the anaesthetist, as required, up to a maximum of 25 ml.h-1. Pain scores, side effects, and the volumes of drug infused were recorded over the first 3 postoperative days. One patient from each group was withdrawn because of catheter-related problems. Pain scores were similar and the incidence of nausea and pruritus was low in both groups. There was no recorded instance of respiratory depression or hypotension and there was no significant difference between the groups in the volumes of drug solution received. Patient satisfaction was equally very good in both groups. Patient-controlled epidural analgesia is an effective means of providing pain relief after post-traumatic pelvic reconstruction, but did not significantly reduce analgesic requirements in comparison with continuous infusion epidural analgesia.
Anaesthesia 1992 Dec
PMID:Patient-controlled epidural analgesia following post-traumatic pelvic reconstruction. A comparison with continuous epidural analgesia. 828 Feb 77

Epidural anaesthesia with local anaesthetics has become a standard method of pain relief during labour. In recent years, spinal opiates, alone and in combination with local anaesthetics, have also been tried with varying degrees of success. Buprenorphine, a potent lipophilic opiate with long duration of action, has been used in several trials for caesarean section [3, 4, 6], but not yet in spontaneous labour. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate epidural anaesthesia with bupivacaine alone and with bupivacaine+buprenorphine in comparison with no anaesthetic treatment in control parturients. METHODS. A total of 80 healthy women during labour at full term (age 18-38 years, weight 54-107 kg) were studied to evaluate the influence of 0.3 mg buprenorphine (group BB) vs placebo (group B) added to an initial dose of 15 ml plain bupivacaine 0.33% for lumbar catheter epidural anaesthesia. Plain bupivacaine 0.25% (10 ml) without any opiate admixture was used for reinjections. The control group was made up of 48 untreated parturients. After every injection, blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate were measured repeatedly, as were time intervals between injections, extent of blockade, duration of labour, actual and retrospective visual analogue pain score, and side effects such as pruritus, shivering or nausea and emesis. Maternal capillary blood gases were analysed three times during labour, and Apgar scores and venous and arterial umbilical blood gas analyses were obtained immediately after delivery. RESULTS. Admixture of buprenorphine 0.3 mg significantly increased the time interval between the first and second epidural doses (B: 162 +/- 47 vs BB: 224 +/- 64 min; mean, SD; Table 2) and significantly reduced the incidence of shivering (Table 9). The incidence of instrumental delivery was comparable in all groups (bupivacaine 32.5%, bupivacaine+buprenorphine 27.5%, control 21%; n.s.). No clinically relevant differences were observed between the epidural patients in onset and duration of the block (Fig. 1), analgesic efficacy (Fig. 2), duration of spontaneous labour (BB: 8.6 +/- 3.1 h, B: 8.5 +/- 2.9 h; n.s.) and vital functions of mothers and newborns. Although some statistically significant differences between the three groups were found in some parameters of the blood gas analyses (Table 7), the clinical condition of the newborns was always acceptable; Apgar scores were not significantly different. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The addition of buprenorphine to bupivacaine resulted in some advantages to the mother (reduced incidence of shivering) and the anaesthetist (time lapse before first reinjection was necessary) without jeopardizing the situation of the baby. Compared with untreated control parturients, retrospective pain scores during epidural anaesthesia with bupivacaine (with or without buprenorphine) were significantly lower. No clinically relevant disadvantages of epidural anaesthesia were observed. More studies are required to evaluate whether buprenorphine admixture allows a dose reduction of bupivacaine and could then claim clearer advantages than were found in the present investigation.
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PMID:[Obstetrical peridural anesthesia with bupivacaine and buprenorphine. A randomized double-blind study in comparison with untreated controls]. 149 32

The "transurethral resection of prostate" syndrome (TURPS) is the clinical manifestation of the resorption into the patient's body of a large amount of glycocolle-containing irrigating fluid used for this procedure. The full clinical picture, which is seldom seen, consists of dyspnoea, nausea, arterial hypertension, an increased central venous pressure, cerebral oedema, cardiogenic shock and renal failure. Improved surgical techniques, as well as incomplete and atypical forms of the syndrome could explain this low incidence. Absorption into the blood stream may be rapid, by way of the prostatic venous plexi, or slower, from the spaces around the prostate and under the peritoneum. The present-day pathophysiological theory explains this syndrome by an acute hyponatraemia, sometimes dissociated from the hypoosmolality, the toxicity of glycocolle, and the neurological effects of hyperammonemia. Acute hyponatraemia, with blood sodium concentrations below 115 to 120 mmol.l-1, should be considered as potentially serious. The different mechanisms involved may act alone or together, thus explaining that the minor forms of the syndrome mostly consist of a neurological picture. The emergency treatment depends on the natraemia. It includes diuretics and progressive reloading of the patient with sodium in case of severe hyponatraemia with seizures. The best prevention is a correct surgical indication and technique. The resection should not last for more than 90 to 120 min. The major problem remains the early diagnosis of TURPS. Carrying out this surgery under regional anaesthesia is helpful for this purpose, but, in the near future, the best means might be the monitoring of expired ethanol concentrations.
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PMID:[Prostate transurethral resection syndrome]. 150 91


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