Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fifteen patients with osteogenic sarcoma receiving high-dose methotrexate chemotherapy were studied in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral and smoked delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as an antiemetic. Each patient served as his or her own control. Fourteen of 15 patients had a reduction in nausea and vomiting on THC as compared to placebo. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol was significantly more effective than placebo in reducing the number of vomiting and retching episodes, degree of nausea, duration of nausea, and volume of emesis (P less than 0.001). There was a 72% incidence of nausea and vomiting on placebo. When plasma THC concentrations measured less than 5.0 ng/mL, 5.0 to 10.0 ng/mL, and greater than 10.0 ng/mL, the incidences of nausea and vomiting were 44%, 21%, and 6%, respectively. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol appears to have significant antiemetic properties when compared with placebo in patients receiving high-dose methotrexate.
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PMID:Delata-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetic in cancer patients receiving high-dose methotrexate. A prospective, randomized evaluation. 29 41

A double-blind comparison was undertaken between Debendox with 10mg of extra pyridoxine and placebo with 10mg of pyridoxine, in 56 women suffering from nausea and/or vomiting during the first 10 weeks of pregnancy. The results of treatment were assessed on the patient's own dialy records of:the time of nausea, the frequency of nausea, and the severity of nausea, retching and vomiting. There were statistically significant differences in favour of Debendox with extra pyridoxine in respect of the days of nausea all day (P les than 0-02), the severity of nausea (P less than 0-05) and the severity of retching (P less than 0.05).
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PMID:Treatment of pregnancy sickness. 32 60

Blood loss and the incidence of emetic sequelae were assessed in 148 patients undergoing midcavity forceps delivery under continuous lumbar extradural analgesia. Five units of oxytocin i.v. was found to be as effective as ergometrine 0.5 mg i.v. in reducing blood loss at delivery. Nausea, retching or vomiting occurred in 35 (46%) of the mothers who received ergometrine and in none of those who received i.v. oxytocin. The cardiovascular side-effects of ergometrine and oxytocin are reviewed and compared with special reference to patients with hypertension and heart disease. It is suggested that 5 units of oxytocin i.v. should be preferred in these high-risk patients. Because of the absence of an emetic action, i.v. oxytocin is preferable to i.v. ergometrine for patients receiving extradural analgesia.
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PMID:Ergometrine, oxytocin and extradural analgesia. 95 92

Ftorafur, a furanyl analog of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), is reported to be five to six times less toxic and possibly more effective in cancer of the breast and colon than 5-FU. The drug was synthesized, formulated, and utilized in toxicologic studies, and then in 24 patients with advanced incurable malignancies. When Ftorafur is given by intravenous push, it results in immediate flushing, dizziness, nausea, retching, and in some cases transient hypotension. These immediate side effects are largely eliminated by administering the drug slowly by infusion. In patients, 60 mg/kg of Ftorafur given i.v. daily for up to 10 days resulted in mild toxicity. However, 80 mg/kg given i.v. daily for 7 days resulted in severe toxicity, with nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. These studies confirm those of the Russian investigators as to toxicity and dosage, even with a different method of administration more convenient for therapy. Phase II studies are presently being carried out to compare the effectiveness of Ftorafur and 5-FU.
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PMID:Phase I study of ftorafur, an analog of 5-fluorouracil. 120 38

This case illustrates where excessive dental stress on the swallowing reflex caused retching then nausea and eventually dental phobia. Swallowing relaxation enabled normal variable function to be quickly restored, which allowed the phobia to be brought under control.
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PMID:Treatment of a dental phobic with pronounced aversion to rubber gloves. 136 Feb 24

The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting and requirements for anti-emetic medication were assessed in 80 female patients undergoing day-case anaesthesia during assisted conception therapy. Anaesthesia was induced with alfentanil 50 micrograms.kg-1 and propofol 1 mg.kg-1; atracurium 0.5 mg.kg-1 was given to facilitate tracheal intubation. The patients were allocated to receive either total intravenous maintenance of anaesthesia with an infusion of propofol and increments of alfentanil (Group P) or inhalational maintenance of anaesthesia with nitrous oxide and enflurane (Group E). Postoperative nausea, retching, vomiting, requirements for anti-emetic therapy, and unplanned admission for overnight stay in hospital were recorded. Overall incidence of nausea was 64% in group E and 39% in Group P (P less than 0.05). Incidence of vomiting was 67% in Group E and 34% in Group P (P less than 0.05). Metoclopramide was requested by 62% of patients in Group E, and 32% of those in Group P (P less than 0.05); 21% of the patients in Group E were admitted to hospital overnight, while only 5% of the patients in Group P required unscheduled admission to hospital (P less than 0.05). We conclude that total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol and alfentanil is superior to inhalational maintenance with nitrous oxide and enflurane in that it is associated with less nausea and vomiting, less requirement for anti-emetic medication, and a lower probability of unplanned admission to hospital after day-care gynaecological surgery.
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PMID:Total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol and alfentanil protects against postoperative nausea and vomiting. 153 Nov 18

Gadobenate dimeglumine (formerly known as Gd-BOPTA) is a recently developed paramagnetic contrast agent that undergoes biliary as well as renal excretion. It may, therefore, be useful in MR imaging of the liver. Its safety, tolerance, and usefulness in visualizing hepatobiliary structures were studied in eight healthy subjects. Axial abdominal images were obtained with T1-weighted spin-echo and gradient-echo sequences at 1.5 T before and after IV administration of gadobenate dimeglumine in doses of 0.005, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mmol/kg body weight. Two subjects received each dose. Administration of 0.1 mmol/kg resulted in a maximum liver enhancement of 149% on the gradient-echo sequence and of 90% on the T1-weighted spin-echo sequence 60 min after injection. The contrast enhancement of the liver remained virtually constant for 2 hr. The signal-to-noise ratio of the biliary tract increased from 38 to 121 after 2 hr on gradient-echo images. In addition, there was significant contrast enhancement of the kidneys. Optimal visualization of the liver parenchyma was achieved with doses of 0.05 and 0.1 mmol gadobenate dimeglumine/kg. Mild to moderate side effects such as nausea and retching, a sense of warmth at the infusion site, and transient pruritus lasting 1 min were reported by three (38%) of the subjects. The initial results of the first application of gadobenate dimeglumine in humans are encouraging because the contrast agent appears to be reasonably well tolerated at the doses appropriate for hepatobiliary imaging. Further clinical studies of this contrast agent are warranted to assess its effect on liver lesion conspicuity and the frequency with which side effects occur.
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PMID:Gadobenate dimeglumine--a new contrast agent for MR imaging: preliminary evaluation in healthy volunteers. 154 12

Acute/subacute side effects were evaluated in 39 testicular cancer patients before infra-diaphragmatic radiotherapy, twice during therapy and 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment discontinuation. The evaluation was primarily based on questionnaires filled in by the patients. At the end of radiotherapy nausea was reported by all responding patients, and 29 patients complained of diarrhea. Two-thirds of the patients reported abdominal pain and/or meteorism, and one-half complained of retching and/or vomiting. During therapy the median weight was significantly reduced by three kilos and the median value of the performance status decreased by 20%. The hematological and biochemical toxicity was low. At the 3-month evaluation more patients complained of nausea, abdominal pain, and meteorism than before irradiation. Compared to the pretreatment situation the patients evaluated their physical condition to be reduced during treatment and at the first follow-up visit. One year posttreatment the patients had regained their physical fitness. All patients in income-producing activity were on sick leave during the period of radiotherapy and for 5 weeks (median) thereafter. In conclusion, infra-diaphragmatic radiotherapy leads to significant but reversible acute/subacute side effects lasting for a median of 9 weeks. It is hoped that better symptomatic therapy and modifications of the radiotherapy technique will reduce the side effects.
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PMID:Acute and subacute side effects due to infra-diaphragmatic radiotherapy for testicular cancer: a prospective study. 155 53

Ondansetron is a 5-hydroxytryptamine 3-receptor antagonist which has shown activity in the prevention of cytotoxic-induced emesis. Preliminary non-randomized studies also indicated efficacy in preventing sickness following radiotherapy. The present study was therefore undertaken to compare the efficacy and safety of ondansetron (8 mg tds orally) and metoclopramide (10 mg tds orally) in preventing sickness after single-exposure radiotherapy treatments of 8-10 Gy to the upper abdomen. Of 82 evaluable patients 38 received ondansetron and 44 metoclopramide. On the first day after irradiation vomiting or retching was prevented in all but one of the patients on ondansetron whereas metoclopramide achieved complete control of these symptoms in only 46% of subjects (P less than 0.001). Similarly nausea was significantly better controlled by ondansetron in the first 24 hours after treatment (P = 0.001). Complete or major control of vomiting or retching was maintained for 92%-100% of patients on ondansetron during the five days of the study period. In the metoclopramide group the proportion of patients with equivalent control improved from 70% on day 1 to 95 on day 5. Both drugs were well-tolerated.
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PMID:Results of a randomized, double-blind comparative study of ondansetron and metoclopramide in the prevention of nausea and vomiting following high-dose upper abdominal irradiation. 170 12

Sixty patients were studied in a randomized, double-blind manner to determine whether metoclopramide added to droperidol decreased further the incidence of emetic symptoms (nausea, retching, vomiting) in outpatients receiving alfentanil anaesthesia for nasal surgery. Group 1 (n = 30) received metoclopramide 0.15 mg.kg-1 and Group 2 (n = 30) received placebo. In addition, both groups received droperidol 0.02 mg.kg-1 immediately before anaesthesia which was supplemented by alfentanil 20 micrograms.kg-1 at induction followed by an infusion of 0.25-1 micrograms.kg-1.min-1. Emetic symptoms were assessed 0-3 hr, 3-6 hr and 6-24 hr after surgery. Both groups received similar doses of alfentanil (mean +/- SD; Group 1 4641 +/- 1894 micrograms, Group 2 4714 +/- 1640 micrograms). The percentage of patients who had either nausea or vomiting at 0-3, 3-6 or 6-24 hr was 23%, 14% and 13% in Group 1; and 20%, 17% and 10% in Group 2. The overall incidence for each group was 8/30 (27%). There was no difference in the incidence of emetic symptoms between the groups at any time interval or throughout the study. Metoclopramide did not improve upon the antiemesis of droperidol during alfentanil anaesthesia for outpatient nasal surgery.
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PMID:Metoclopramide does not decrease the incidence of nausea and vomiting after alfentanil for outpatient anaesthesia. 175 98


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