Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The intestinal protozoan cryptosporidium is known to cause diarrhea in immunocompromised patients, but few cases have been reported in detail in immunocompetent persons. During a 12-month period, we identified cryptosporidium in the stools of 43 immunocompetent patients. The numbers of cases were increased in those under 4 years old and in those from 30 to 39 years old. Of 30 index cases, 23 (77 per cent) were diagnosed in the late summer or the fall. Fifteen of the 43 patients (35 per cent) had other gastrointestinal pathogens, of which only Giardia lamblia was statistically associated with cryptosporidium. In the 28 patients in whom other gastrointestinal pathogens were not identified, the clinical manifestations were predominantly watery, nonbloody diarrhea and, less commonly, abdominal discomfort, anorexia, fever, nausea, and weight loss. The infection was self-limited in all 43 patients. Clustering of cases occurred in a day-care center and in two families. These clinical observations confirm worldwide findings and suggest that cryptosporidium is a relatively common nonviral cause of self-limited diarrhea in immunocompetent persons in the northeastern United States.
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PMID:Cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent patients. 403 8

Until now, the potential antiarrhythmic benefits of disopyramide have been restricted by anticholinergic side effects. These side effects have included xerostomia (dry mouth, nose or eyes), abdominal discomfort, nausea, constipation and, most importantly, urinary hesitancy and retention. A sustained-release form of pyridostigmine, an acetyl-cholinesterase inhibitor, has been shown to a) prevent the anticholinergic side effects of disopyramide when used prophylactically and b) to eliminate or attenuate these symptoms if they are already present. Pyridostigmine has no measurable effect on disopyramide's antiarrhythmic properties. This represents a beneficial new drug interaction which will improve tolerance of disopyramide and increase patient compliance with disopyramide-containing regimens.
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PMID:The anticholinergic side effects of disopyramide and controlled-release disopyramide. 406 65

The effects of 9 beta-methyl carbacyclin, a chemically stable analogue of epoprostenol (prostacyclin, PGI2) were studied, in comparison with epoprostenol, both in vitro and in vivo in man. In vitro 9 beta-methyl carbacyclin and epoprostenol inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen, the endoperoxide analogue U46619 and arachidonic acid. The potency of 9 beta-methyl carbacyclin relative to epoprostenol was comparable in ADP and collagen-aggregated platelet rich plasma (PRP), 9 beta-methyl carbacyclin being 0.01 times as active as epoprostenol. The anti-aggregatory potencies of the two compounds were comparable in PRP and whole blood. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutyl methyl xanthine enhanced the anti-aggregatory activity of both compounds in vitro. 9 beta-methyl carbacyclin and epoprostenol elevated platelet cyclic AMP, 9 beta-methyl carbacyclin being 0.04 times as active as epoprostenol. In a placebo controlled trial both drugs produces significant headache and facial flushing when compared with placebo. Nasal stuffiness, abdominal discomfort and nausea were reported on all three treatments. Both drugs caused significant and comparable increase in heart rate and decrease in pre-ejection (PEP) and PEP/left ventricular ejection time (LVET) ratio compared with placebo. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, LVET and QS2 index were unchanged. Platelet aggregation responses to ADP were significantly inhibited by all three doses of both drugs compared with placebo. Bleeding time was significantly longer during epoprostenol infusion than either placebo or 9 beta-methyl carbacyclin infusion. Neither drug had significant effect, compared with placebo, on kaolin activated clotting time in PPP, PRP or in PRP in the presence of heparin, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, thrombin clotting time, fibrinogen, fibrinogen degradation products or euglobulin clot lysis time. The pharmacodynamic effects and duration of action of 9 beta-methyl carbacyclin and of epoprostenol are similar; 9 beta-methyl carbacyclin is approximately 100 times less potent than epoprostenol in man.
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PMID:A chemically stable analogue, 9 beta-methyl carbacyclin, with similar effects to epoprostenol (prostacyclin, PGI2) in man. 608 4

Thirty-four patients with ulcerative colitis completed a double-blind assessment comparing the efficacy of two weeks of treatment with nightly retention enemas containing 3 g sulphasalazine or placebo. Symptom grading, sigmoidoscopic appearance, rectal biopsy specimens, and diary records were used to assess benefit and side effects. The active drug conferred significant benefit compared with placebo as shown by several criteria, but this benefit was confined to patients not already taking sulphasalazine by mouth. Overall assessment showed improvement in 11 of the 16 patients (70%) given the active treatment but in only two of the 18 (11%) given placebo. No side effects attributable to the drug were observed, even in patients previously intolerant to oral preparations. The logical therapeutic role of sulphasalazine enemas in ulcerative colitis would appear to be in patients who experience side effects such as nausea, abdominal discomfort, or headaches when taking the drug by mouth.
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PMID:Sulphasalazine retention enemas in ulcerative colitis: a double-blind trial. 611 21

The long term efficacy and tolerability of sulphasalazine (SASP) in the treatment of 21 patients with active classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were examined and compared with the effects of penicillamine in a similarly active group of RA patients. Nineteen of the 21 patients treated with SASP improved during the first 6 months as shown by significant changes in the clinical and laboratory variables. Clinical improvement was maintained for the remainder of the year. Improvement in laboratory variables was maintained at 9 months but showed some deterioration at 1 year. Six patients went into remission by the ARA criteria, and 16 were able to continue the drug at the end of 1 year. In addition SASP had a steroid-sparing effect in 4 of the patients on systemic steroids. No potentially dangerous side effects were encountered by the end of the first year, although 5 patients were withdrawn. Dyspepsia, nausea and abdominal discomfort were the most common side-effects, although rashes (3) and macrocytosis (2) also occurred. Eighteen of the 21 patients treated with penicillamine improved during 9 months, although there was some deterioration at 1 year. Eight patients were withdrawn because of side-effects - thrombocytopenia (5), nephrotic syndrome (1) and proteinuria (2). This study suggests that SASP has a disease modifying action maintained over a year and associated with low toxicity. It is a useful addition to the small number of second-line drugs with a possibly different mode of action.
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PMID:The long term effects of sulphasalazine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and a comparative study with penicillamine. 615 82

Impromidine (SK&F 92676), a potent selective histamine H2-receptor agonist in animals has been studied in healthy male volunteers. Impromidine 10 micrograms kg-1h-1 i.v. produced near maximal acid secretion and cimetidine 2 mg kg-1h-1 inhibited this output by a mean of 65% in 5 subjects. The log dose-response curve to impromidine in 5 subjects was linear over the dose range 2.5--20 micrograms kg-1h-1. Cimetidine 0.5 mg kg-1h-1 caused a highly significant parallel shift of the dose-response curve, consistent with direct competitive antagonism. The gastric secretory responses to impromidine 10 micrograms kg-1h-1 i.v., histamine acid phosphate 40 micrograms kg-1h-1 i.v., and pentagastrin 6 micrograms kg-1h-1 i.v. were similar. Cardiovascular effects of impromidine were less marked than those due to histamine. Gastric secretory and cardiovascular effects of impromidine are dose dependent. No significant difference was seen in peak acid output between impromidine 10 micrograms kg-1 and pentagastrin 6 micrograms kg-1 whether injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Headache which accompanied infusion with histamine occurred less frequently with impromidine, and nausea and abdominal discomfort which occurred with pentagastrin did not occur with impromidine. Impromidine will be valuable in the study of gastric secretion and the role of histamine H2 receptors in other systems.
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PMID:Gastric secretory studies in humans with impromidine (SK&F 92676)--a specific histamine H2 receptor agonist. 615 65

Eight-five of 816 (10.7%) students attending a primary school in Central Thailand were examined and found infected with Fasciolopsis buski. All of students ate fresh water lily stems and most ate other fresh water plants including caltrop, water cress and morning glory. The 85 students were given praziquantel in randomized single doses of 15, 25 or 40 mg/kg body weight. Side effects were mild and transient and consisted of headache, dizziness, nausea, sleepiness, abdominal discomfort, anorexia, diarrhea, epigastric pain, vomiting and lassitude. Those receiving the highest dosages had more side effects than students in the other 2 groups. Large blisters were observed on the tegument of F. buski passed in feces and this was believed to be caused by the drug. The authors recommend a single dose of praziquantel in a dosage of 15 mg/kg of body weight for the treatment of parasitosis.
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PMID:Field trial on the treatment of fasciolopsiasis with praziquantel. 663 61

Following an open pilot study, BW 245C , a hydantoin prostaglandin analogue, was given by mouth in an aqueous solution to six healthy volunteers. The subjects received BW 245C 50 and 150 micrograms and placebo on separate occasions according to a double blind randomised design. Heart rate, blood pressure and, using visual analogue scales, facial flushing, abdominal discomfort and headache, were measured before dosing, at 15 minute intervals after dosing for 2 hours and at 30 minute intervals for a further 2 hours. Platelet aggregation responses to ADP and to collagen were measured before dosing and at 15 minutes, 45 minutes, 2 hours and 4 hours after dosing. Cutaneous bleeding time was measured before and 45 minutes after dosing. 150 micrograms BW 245C produced significant (p less than 0.05) facial flushing over the period from 15 to 120 minutes after dosing. Heart rate increased slightly but significantly (p less than 0.05) in response to both doses of 245C only at 75 minutes after dosing. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were unchanged by either dose of BW 245C . Platelet aggregation responses to ADP were significantly (p less than 0.05) inhibited only at 120 minutes after 150 micrograms BW 245C . Aggregation responses to collagen were significantly (p less than 0.05) inhibited 45 and 120 minutes after 150 micrograms BW 245C and also at 120 minutes after 50 micrograms BW 245C . Bleeding time was unchanged in response to either dose of BW 245C . There was no change in headache or abdominal discomfort scores following either dose of BW 245C . Nausea was reported after 7 out of 12 administrations of BW245C but not after placebo. Nasal congestion was experienced by two subjects receiving 150 micrograms BW 245C and muscle tension and stiffness, especially of the jaw muscles, was also reported following administration of BW 245C but not of placebo. BW 245C is active when given by mouth and has similar pharmacodynamic effects to prostacyclin in man.
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PMID:Effects of single oral dose administration of a hydantoin prostaglandin analogue BW 245C in man. 672 64

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of the volume of enteral feedings and the rate at which they were administered on subject tolerance and gastric pressure changes. Fourteen normal volunteers received enteral feedings on 9 or 10 separate days. These feedings (Ensure) were administered in combinations of 3 volumes (250, 350, and 500 ml) and of 2 rates (30 and 85 ml/min). The effect on gastric motility was monitored by an open-tipped catheter. Nine of the subjects also received 750 ml administered at 30 ml/min. Six of the 14 subjects experienced nausea and/or discomfort during the first feeding trial (250 ml at 30 ml/min); however, subsequent feedings were tolerated without this discomfort. The rate at which feedings were administered had little effect on the time following feeding until the return of regular motility or on the mean motility index when 250 ml were administered; however, when larger volumes were administered at the faster rate, longer time was taken for the return of regular motility. Feedings administered at the faster rate were associated with a greater number of subjective complaints of abdominal discomfort, nausea, fullness, and cramping. The volume of a feeding has a significant effect on both the time required for regular motility to return following feeding and on the mean motility index, with the larger feeding volumes suppressing activity progressively longer. The volume of feeding (up to 750) ml) had little effect upon symptomatic tolerance of subjects when these feedings were administered at 30 ml/min. There was no significant interaction effect of rate and volume on the time required for motility to return following feedings. The results of this study indicate that normal subjects can tolerate bolus feedings of (250-750 ml) administered at 30 ml/min without distress. Additional studies are needed to compare bolus and continuous feedings in relation to patient tolerance, gastric emptying, and nutritional outcome.
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PMID:Rate and volume of intermittent enteral feeding. 678 24

The irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is clinically characterized by a wide variety of symptoms, including dyspepsia, flatulence, nausea, cramping abdominal pain, constipation and/or diarrhea, and nonspecific symptoms, probably reflecting autonomic nervous system overreactivity. Physiologically, the colonic motor abnormality is characterized by an altered slow-wave rhythm, quantitative differences from normal in the repetitive contraction pattern of the rectosigmoid area, and increased colonic muscle responsiveness to hormones such as cholecystokinin and pentagastrin. The diagnosis of IBS involves practical and ethical considerations as well as the need for decisive reassurance of the patient through judicious examination. Treatment of IBS requires a thoughtful and sensitive approach to the patient, recognition of IBS as an important clinical problem, regularization of bowel function, relief of the abdominal discomfort, and intelligent emotional support.
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PMID:The irritable bowel syndrome. A clinical review and ethical considerations. 701 25


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