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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We questioned whether there was any way to predict which patients with high serum theophylline levels would develop life-threatening toxicity and thereby determine which patients might benefit from prophylactic therapeutic measures, such as hemoperfusion or hemodialysis. We reviewed the records of 54 consecutive patients seen over a five-year period in whom the serum theophylline level was 39 micrograms/ml or higher (range 39-78 micrograms/ml, mean theophylline level 49.5 +/- 9.6 micrograms/ml). Toxicity sought included cardiovascular--major arrhythmias (asystole, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation) and minor arrhythmias, (central nervous system--major [seizures], minor [confusion, agitation]); and gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting and diarrhea). In our sample of patients with extremely high theophylline levels, the incidence of life-threatening complications was low, and the subgroup of patients with high serum theophylline levels who developed life-threatening toxicity could not be easily identified. We conclude that major interventional procedures such as hemoperfusion or hemodialysis should not be used prophylactically in this population of patients of middle age to elderly men with high theophylline levels. We recommend a more conservative approach of using oral activated charcoal therapy in all patients with high serum theophylline levels, and reserving hemoperfusion or hemodialysis for those patients who develop seizures or major arrhythmias.
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PMID:Life-threatening theophylline toxicity is not predictable by serum levels. 379 59

During a 2 year period nitrous oxide was used as a sole or supplementary analgesic during 173 vascular or interventional procedures including peripheral angiography and endourologic and endobiliary procedures. The decision to administer nitrous oxide to a given patient was a matter of physician preference. Patients with bowel obstruction, pneumothorax, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were excluded from this method of analgesia. The nitrous oxide was administered by a radiology nurse under the supervision of an attending radiologist. Nitrous oxide was used without premedication for 39 procedures and with premedication (usually meperidine 1 mg/kg, promethazine 0.3 mg/kg, or atropine 0.01 mg/kg) in 134 procedures. In 74% of nonpremedicated individuals analgesia was adequate with nitrous oxide alone; 26% required supplemental intravenous medication. In 61% of premedicated individuals pain relief was adequate with nitrous oxide; 39% required supplemental intravenous medication. Complications, including nausea, vomiting, and agitation, occurred in eight patients, but were minor and easily reversed by decreasing the concentration of nitrous oxide. Nasally administered nitrous oxide is a safe, easily used, and effective analgesic.
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PMID:Nitrous oxide: effective analgesic for vascular and interventional procedures. 387 37

The effects of high sodium 144 mmol/l (mEq/l) dialysate were studied in normotensive, hypertensive and anephric chronic hemodialysis patients. Comparisons of blood pressures, weights and side effects associated with the hemodialysis procedure were made between two 6-month periods using dialysate sodium concentration of 133 mmol/l (mEq/l), followed by a high dialysate sodium of 144 mmol/l (mEq/l), each patient acting as his own control. No difference was found in the frequency of cramps or 'disequilibrium' side effects (nausea, vomiting, headache, restlessness). High sodium dialysate is beneficial for normotensive and anephric patients in reducing dialysis-induced hypotension and was not associated with any deleterious effects on long-term blood pressure control. In hypertensive patients, the benefit is less clear, and hypertension may increase.
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PMID:Effects of high sodium dialysate during maintenance hemodialysis. 403 43

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of bromocriptine in single doses of 20 and 30 mg on the unwanted effects most frequently caused by neuroleptics: elevated prolactin levels and extrapyramidal disturbances. 111 chronic schizophrenics were included in the investigations, 58 of them being treated with haloperidol and 53 with chlorpromazine. It was found that a single dose of 30 mg bromocriptine brought about a statistically significant decrease in the prolactin levels of patients treated with haloperidol but produced no more than a downward tendency in patients receiving chlorpromazine (the initial prolactin levels of both groups of patients were equal.) The effect of bromocriptine on EPS disturbances was more marked in the chlorpromazine group, but side effects such as nausea and agitation also occurred more frequently in this group. These results show that there is no correlation between the reduction in prolactin levels produced by bromocriptine and an improvement in unwanted EPS effects. This supports the hypothesis that the effect of neuroleptics on the prolactin secreting cells of the anterior pituitary and their effect on the EPS are mediated by different sets of receptors.
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PMID:[Effect of high single doses of bromocriptine in schizophrenic patients with elevated serum prolactin levels and extrapyramidal side effects associated with neuroleptic treatment (author's transl)]. 611 Oct 93

This paper presents the usage of psychotropic drugs by all general inpatients of a Boston teaching and referral hospital on a randomly chosen weekday. Of all surveyed inpatients, 42.8% were receiving at least one psychotropic medication. Sleep medications were the most frequently prescribed class of psychotropic drugs and flurazepam was the most commonly prescribed of all drugs. Phenothiazine and neuroleptics were given to control agitation, pain, or nausea, rather than psychosis. Antidepressants were prescribed without notated justification in the medical record, and if given for depression, were underdosed. Diazepam was the most frequently prescribed antianxiety drug and was the most frequently prescribed psychotropic drug after flurazepam. Psychotropic drug polypharmacy was common, with the average patient receiving seven different drugs. Remedial approaches to this widespread problem are recommended.
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PMID:Psychotropic drug use and polypharmacy in a general hospital. 611 14

The efficacy of dipotassium clorazepate (DPCA) and of diazepam (DP) as night-time premedication was tested against a placebo in a double-blind trial in 300 patients of all ages. Examination of the patients in the morning before anaesthesia showed that tachycardia, nausea and anxiety were considerably less in patients who had been premedicated with DPCA or DP. Relief from anxiety and restlessness according to standardized self-evaluation scale was most marked in the DPCA group. There were statistically significant differences between the groups with respect to the sleep pattern: 66 per cent of patients in the DPCA group fell asleep within the normal time of 2-15 minutes compared with 53 per cent in the DP group and 48 per cent in the placebo group. Uninterrupted sleep until the morning was experienced by about 70 per cent of patients who had been premedicated with DPCA as against 47 per cent and 31 per cent who had been given DP or a placebo respectively. The total sleeping period was normal or slightly prolonged in 73 and 74 per cent of patients who had received one or the other drug but in only 38 per cent of patients in the placebo group. As regarded the quality of sleep (quiet, uninterrupted sleep and feeling rested) the DPCA group considered it to have been much sounder than did the other groups. On account of its marked ataractic and sleep-protecting properties DPCA is considered to be the most suitable agent for night-time premedication.
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PMID:[Night-time premedication with Di-potassium-clorazepate, diazepam or a placebo before anaesthesia; a double-blind trial (author' transl)]. 611 26

A double-blind crossover study compared the hypnotic effect, daytime carryover, and safety of triazolam 0.5 mg, lorazepam 2 mg, and placebo. The two active drugs were similar in hypnotic effect and superior to placebo. Patients reported more drowsiness upon awakening and more sleepiness in mid-morning and mid-afternoon after nights on lorazepam than nights on triazolam or placebo. The most common side effects--drowsiness, lightheadedness, restlessness, impaired coordination, dizziness, and nausea--were reported three times as often with lorazepam than with triazolam or placebo.
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PMID:Double-blind crossover comparison of triazolam and lorazepam in the posthypnotic state. 614 34

Vaginal suppositories containing (15S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2 alpha methyl ester were administered to 40 subjects, in an attempt to induce an early abortion. All subjects were 49 days or less from their last menstrual period. Ten subjects received a 3-mg suppository followed in 3 hours by a 1 mg suppository, ten subjects received the 1-mg suppository followed in 3 hours by a 3-mg suppository, and twenty subjects received the 3-mg suppository followed in 1 hour by the 1-mg suppository. Twenty-four subjects (60%) had a successful termination of their pregnancy using the two vaginal prostaglandin suppository regimen. All subjects who aborted had 10 percent or less of their pretreatment levels of beta-hCG 7 to 22 days after therapy. Sixteen subjects (40%) did not abort. One of the subjects who failed treatment refused the second suppository due to gastrointestinal side effects and uterine cramping following the insertion of the 1-mg suppository. A second subject had an incomplete abortion and developed mild endometritis. Sixteen subjects reported side effects which included nausea, emesis, diarrhea, uterine cramping requiring analgesia, restlessness, shakiness, and dizziness. The addition of the second vaginal suppository containing this particular prostaglandin analogue did not significantly increase the overall abortifacient activity of this method.
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PMID:Termination of early gestation with (15S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2 alpha methyl ester vaginal suppositories. 617 57

Water intoxication from intravascular absorption of non-electrolyte irrigating fluid is a well-known and often serious complication of transurethral resection of the prostate. The amount of absorbed fluid depends on the duration of the operative procedure, the number of transected open venous sinuses and the hydrostatic pressure of the irrigating fluid. Arterial hypertension, bradycardia, mental agitation, confusion, headache, nausea, dyspnoea, convulsions and pulmonary edema are the typical syndromes. In this case, severe Angina Pectoris was the first alarming symptom.
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PMID:[Angina pectoris -- an early sign of water intoxication during transurethral prostatectomy (author's transl)]. 617 35

Psychoactive drugs are often widely used before tolerance and dependence is fully appreciated. Tolerance to cannabis-induced cardiovascular and autonomic changes, decreased intraocular pressure, sleep and sleep EEG, mood and behavioral changes is acquired and, to a great degree, lost rapidly with optimal conditions. Mechanisms appear more functional than metabolic. Acquisition rate depends on dose and dose schedule. Dependence, manifested by withdrawal symptoms after as little as 7 days of THC administration, is characterized by irritability, restlessness, insomnia, anorexia, nausea, sweating, salivation, increased body temperature, altered sleep and waking EEG, tremor, and weight loss. Mild and transient in the 120 subjects studied, the syndrome was similar to sedative drug withdrawal. Tolerance to drug side effects can be useful. Tolerance to therapeutic effects or target symptoms poses problems. Clinical significance of dependence is difficult to assess since drug-seeking behavior has many determinants. Cannabis-induced super sensitivity should be considered wherever chronic drug administration is anticipated in conditions like epilepsy, glaucoma or chronic pain. Cannabis pharmacology suggests ways of minimizing tolerance and dependence problems.
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PMID:Clinical relevance of cannabis tolerance and dependence. 627 20


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