Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The analgesic efficacy and safety of ketorolac tromethamine (ketorolac), a potent analgesic with anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities, were evaluated and compared with Doleron, a combination analgesic, in 115 patients with moderate to severe orthopaedic post-operative pain. This was a randomized, double-blind (double-dummy), parallel-group comparison of a single oral dose of one capsule of 10 mg ketorolac with a single oral dose of two Doleron tablets (each tablet contained 150 mg dextropropoxyphene napsylate, 350 mg aspirin and 150 mg phenazone). During the 6 h following treatment, 80% of ketorolac treated patients and 82% of Doleron treated patients experienced adequate pain relief. There were no statistically significant differences in the overall analgesic efficacy between the treatment groups. Three patients (one on ketorolac, two on Doleron) withdrew because of adverse events (vomiting). Nausea (two patients in each treatment group), vertigo (none on ketorolac, three on Doleron) and sore throat (none on ketorolac, two on Doleron) were the only drug-related adverse events reported by more than one person in a treatment group during the trial. A total of 82% of patients given ketorolac and 76% given Doleron experienced no adverse events. A single oral dose of 10 mg ketorolac was shown to be as effective and safe as two Doleron tablets in the treatment of moderate to severe orthopaedic post-operative pain.
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PMID:Analgesic efficacy and safety comparison of ketorolac tromethamine and Doleron for the alleviation of orthopaedic post-operative pain. 267 49

The three best-described genetic polymorphisms of drug metabolism--the debrisoquin/sparteine type of oxidative polymorphism (hereafter referred to as the debrisoquin polymorphism), the polymorphism of N-acetylation, and the mephenytoin type of oxidative polymorphism--are reviewed. For all three polymorphisms, the poor-metabolizer phenotype is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The debrisoquin and mephenytoin oxidative polymorphisms involve defects in two separate cytochrome P450 enzymes. The prevalence of the poor-metabolizer phenotype for debrisoquin ranges between 2% and 10% for groups of various ethnic origins. The poor-metabolizer phenotype for mephenytoin comprises about 5% of the Caucasian population and about 20% of the Japanese population. N-acetyltransferase is a cytosolic enzyme whose clinical polymorphism was discovered using isoniazid as the substrate probe. The prevalence of the slow-acetylator phenotype among American and European Caucasian and American black groups is about 50%; among the Japanese it is about 10%. More than 20 agents are substrates for debrisoquin hydroxylase, about 15 for N-acetyltransferase, and 3-5 for mephenytoin. In poor metabolizers, debrisoquin can cause hypotension, and sparteine can cause blurred vision, headache, and dizziness. Clinical consequences of the slow-acetylator phenotype include increased susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus induced by procainamide and hydralazine, peripheral neuropathy induced by isoniazid, hydralazine, and dapsone, and sulfasalazine-induced dose-related leukopenia, nausea, vomiting, headache, and vertigo. After administration of mephenytoin, poor metabolizers have increased somnolence and intellectual impairment. Awareness of genetic polymorphisms of drug metabolism should improve understanding of interindividual variability in drug disposition and response.
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PMID:Polymorphic drug metabolism. 268 60

In an open multicenter study involving 420 patients lisuride proved to be an effective and well-tolerated migraine prophylactic. In 61.4% of the patients the frequency of migraine attacks was reduced by more than 50% during the 3 month treatment period; the severity and duration of remaining attacks were markedly reduced. In the overall assessment, the effect was regarded as good to excellent in 69.7% of the patients and tolerance was good to excellent in 94.2%. The most common side effects were nausea (4.0%), vertigo (3.1%), drowsiness (1.4%). Prognostic criteria for the response to lisuride could not be identified.
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PMID:[Lisuride for the prevention of migraine. Results of a multicenter study]. 269 77

300 women aged 16-37 received analgesic-sedative preparations for miniabortions preprandially after admittance to the clinic. Anamnesis was followed by routine blood pressure check, then 0.01 mg/kg-1 atropine, 0.1 mg/kg-1 diazepam iv, or 0.05 mg/kg-1 midazolam iv was given to 25 women. 1-2 minutes later 0.5 mg/kg-1 ketamine iv was given, and at the time of insertion of the aspiration cannula into the cervix, another dose of 0.25 mg/kg-1 of ketamine was given iv. The total dose did not exceed 1 mg/kg-1 iv. All patients also received a ketamine-benzodiazepine combination of analgesia prior to the miniabortion procedure. In psychic, unstable women anxiolytic effects were apparent, but in all of them vertigo and the sensation of floating ensued with horizontal and vertical nystagmus, although information could be extracted from them depending on the degree of analgesia. Anterograde amnesia followed, and the systolic and diastolic pressure increased. The maximum duration of analgesic effect was 3-5 minutes, most women became well-oriented without ataxia and returned home 4 hours after the operation. No psychic effects lasted, and nausea or vomiting was minimal. The hallucinogenic effect of ketamine was attributable to the stimulation of the central dopaminergic system, while diazepam (Spofa) influenced the limbic system causing anterograde amnesia. The potential of midazolam-benzodiazepine combination for future sue lies in its very short biological half-life (1.5-2.5 hours) compared with diazepam (24-36 hours).
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PMID:[Analgesia-sedation using ketamine and benzodiazepines in mini-abortion]. 271 9

Nabilone is a new orally active cannabinoid for the treatment of severe gastrointestinal toxicity associated with cancer chemotherapy. The pharmacological profile of nabilone suggests that it acts primarily by preventing emesis controlled by the medulla oblongata, although its secondary mild anxiolytic activity may contribute to the overall efficacy. Nabilone 2mg twice daily starting 12 hours prior to, and continued for the duration of, chemotherapy produces significant reduction in the severity and duration of nausea and the frequency of vomiting in about 50 to 70% of patients with severe symptoms refractory to conventional therapy. Nabilone has proven to be more effective in controlling symptoms and preferred by more patients than prochlorperazine 10mg 2 to 4 times daily in a limited number of studies, despite a higher incidence of side effects. Comparative trials against other new antiemetic agents, such as high dose metoclopramide, and use of nabilone in combination with other antiemetics remain to be undertaken. The incidence of side effects is high with nabilone; drowsiness, dizziness and/or vertigo occur in 60 to 70% of patients, but rarely lead to drug withdrawal, although more troublesome effects, such as postural hypotension, ataxia, vision disturbance and toxic psychoses, may cause discontinuation of therapy. Thus, nabilone offers an effective alternative to the treatment options available in a difficult therapeutic area - those patients with severe gastrointestinal side effects from cancer chemotherapy who are refractory to conventional therapy.
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PMID:Nabilone. A preliminary review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use. 286 27

Doxazosin, a selective alpha 1-inhibitor, was assessed in hypertensive patients with sitting diastolic blood pressures (DBPs) of 95 to 114 mm Hg while receiving a stable dose of captopril or enalapril. Fifty-six patients were entered into the study that involved three phases: (1) a 2-week baseline period, (2) a 10-week period in which patients received doxazosin, 1 to 8 mg, once daily, and (3) a 4-week maintenance period. After 14 weeks of doxazosin treatment, 95% of the patients were therapy successes (sitting DBP either less than or equal to 90 mm Hg with greater than or equal to 5 mm Hg reduction or greater than or equal to 10 mm Hg reduction) at a mean daily dose of 2.4 mg. Ninety-three percent achieved blood pressure control (sitting DBP less than or equal to 90 mm Hg) at a mean dose of 2.3 mg once daily. By the final treatment visit, systolic/diastolic sitting blood pressures for efficacy evaluable patients were reduced by 16/17 mm Hg from a mean baseline of 158/101 mm Hg to a final value of 143/84 mm Hg. Throughout the study (2 to 14 weeks), all blood pressure reductions from baseline were significant (p less than 0.05). There was only one side effect (vertigo) that warranted dose reduction, and only one patient was withdrawn from therapy (nausea). Most side effects were mild or moderate and disappeared or were tolerated with continued therapy. No clinically significant laboratory changes were apparent, and no trends were observed with regard to organ systems or correlations with dose or duration of treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:A single-blind study of doxazosin in the treatment of essential hypertension when added to nonresponders to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy. 290 58

Vertigo or dizziness and nausea are the subjective symptoms characteristic of vertiginous syndromes; nystagmus and oscillations of the head and body are the objective signs. Craniocorpography is a method for recording and measuring these oscillations rapidly and inexpensively. It provides easier diagnosis, follow up and measurement of a double-blind therapeutic effectiveness. In the trial author has demonstrated the beneficial effects of Ginkgo biloba Extract in vertiginous syndromes without obvious anatomical localisation.
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PMID:[Diagnostic and practical value of craniocorpography in vertiginous syndromes]. 294 1

In a previous study on the antiemetic effect of nabilone (N) in patients with lung cancer receiving chemotherapy (CT), we found that N was only moderately effective and that its side effects limited its use, especially in elderly outpatients. We, therefore, performed a new study of N in combination with dexamethasone (DXM), a potent antiemetic in itself, to evaluate whether the addition of DXM to N would improve the antiemetic effect and/or reduce the side effects. Forty patients with lung cancer were enrolled in the study. A randomized, third-party-blinded, crossover design was used. Study drugs were given during two consecutive, identical CT cycles. N was given at a fixed dosage regimen of 2 mg b.i.d. The initial dose was administered the evening before CT, the second dose at 0.5 h before CT, and the third dose in the evening 12 h after CT. DXM, 8 mg, or placebo was given orally with the first dose of N. The subsequent doses (either 10 mg DXM or saline) were given intravenously 0.5 h before CT and at 2 and 6 h after the start of CT. The CT regimens given included the following drugs in various combinations: cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, etoposide (VP-16), vincristine, and vindesine. The combination of N and DXM was significantly superior to N alone in the reduction of vomiting episodes, both in subgroups of patients receiving cisplatin and in those receiving other CT combinations. There was no statistically significant difference between the treatments with regard to the patients' assessments of the severity of nausea or effects on appetite. Approximately half the patients (63% with N plus DXM versus 47% with N) reported no side effects. The frequency and severity of central nervous system adverse reactions, mainly vertigo, were similar in both treatment groups. The fall in blood pressure was significantly greater after N alone. Two thirds of the patients preferred N plus DXM. Thus, the addition of DXM to N enhanced the therapeutic yield of N, and we recommend DXM as an adjunct to N, when the use of steroids is not contraindicated. The optimal dose and schedule of DXM was not investigated in our study; a higher dose of DXM might increase the clinical benefit of the drug combination tested.
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PMID:Antiemetic efficacy of nabilone and dexamethasone: a randomized study of patients with lung cancer receiving chemotherapy. 303 31

4-Methylpyrazole (4-MP), an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, is a possible future drug for the treatment of methanol and ethylene glycol intoxications and the severe ethanol-disulfiram reaction. Therefore a placebo-controlled, double-blind, single-dose, randomized, sequential, ascending-dose "Phase I study" was performed in healthy volunteers in order to determine the tolerance of 4-MP at dose levels of 10 (n = 4), 20 (n = 4), 50 (n = 4), and 100 mg/kg (n = 3). Along with each dose group, there were two placebos except with the 100 mg/kg group where there was only one placebo. In the 10 and 20 mg/kg group there were no side-effects in any subject. At the 50 mg/kg level, three out of four subjects experienced slight to moderate nausea and dizziness from 0 to 2.5 h after dosing. In the 100 mg/kg group all three subjects reported side-effects like nausea, dizziness, and vertigo, that were short-lived in two subjects, but lasted up to 30 h in one subject. The study was stopped after evaluation of the latter subject, so fewer subjects were completed in this last group. Despite these subjective side-effects, there were no significant changes in objective clinical parameters like pulse, blood pressure, body temperature, or blood and urine chemistries. We conclude that at a single dose of 4-MP (10-20 mg/kg) producing plasma levels within a probable therapeutic range, no side-effects were attributed to 4-MP.
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PMID:4-Methylpyrazole: a controlled study of safety in healthy human subjects after single, ascending doses. 305 73

The analgetic effect and the side effects of buprenorphine (Temgesic) and morphine were compared in a double blind randomised study in 76 patients with suspected acute coronary heart disease. In 68 patients the acute coronary heart disease could be proven, in 61 patients the protocols could be entirely analysed. In 7 of 30 patients on buprenorphine and in 10 of 31 on morphine the analgetic effect was not sufficient (n.s.). The observed side effects were hypotension, bradycardia, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, reduction in respiratory rate and sedation. There were no significant differences in the rate of these side effects in the two groups. The average reduction in respiratory rate was more prominent in the buprenorphine group (-8 vs. -3/min. p less than 0.001) but we found no significant difference in both groups in the number of patient with a respiratory rate less than 12/min. We conclude that buprenorphine is safe for use in the pain therapy of patients with acute coronary heart disease and has a similar analgetic effect and profile of side effects as morphine. It can be used as an alternative to morphine in acute coronary heart disease.
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PMID:[Analgesic effect and side-effects of buprenorphine in acute coronary heart disease. A randomized double-blind comparison with morphine]. 307 Nov 76


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