Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Scombroid poisoning is a form of ichthyosarcotoxism caused by the consumption of 'spoiled' fish of the dark meat varieties. It can be considered a mild-to-moderate form of 'food poisoning' and it occurs world-wide. Ten incidents, involving 22 patients, were reported to Tygerberg Hospital Pharmacology and Toxicology Consultation Centre in the first quarter of 1990. Cape yellowtail (Seriola lalandii) was involved in all the cases. The presenting symptoms and signs (in order of frequency) were: skin rash, diarrhoea, palpitations, headache, nausea and abdominal cramps, paraesthesia, an unusual taste sensation and breathing difficulties. The patients responded well to anti-histamines and, in most, the condition resolved within 12-24 hours. Although histamine plays an important role in the pathogenesis of scombroid poisoning, the exact mechanism is still unresolved. The condition should be recognised and not confused with a true seafood allergy. Health workers are urged to alert the authorities when outbreaks of suspected cases of scombroid poisoning are encountered in order to establish the possible cause and to prevent further cases.
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PMID:Scombroid poisoning. Case series of 10 incidents involving 22 patients. 156 20

Platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is diminished during migraine headache and the injection of reserpine, which releases 5-HT from body stores, induces a typical headache in migrainous subjects. The intravenous injection of 5-HT relieves established migraine headache, but causes side-effects of nausea, faintness, paraesthesia and dyspnoea. The 5-HT1-like agonist sumatriptan exerts the beneficial effects of 5-HT with minimal side-effects. Receptors for 5-HT are present in cranial arteries and are also widely distributed in the central nervous system, where they play a role in the neural control of the cranial circulation and endogenous pain control system. The pathophysiology of migraine involves interaction between these central pathways and cranial blood vessels. It is probable that many prophylactic agents exert their action by central 5-HT2 antagonism, whereas termination of an established attack of migraine depends upon constriction of cranial vessels mediated by 5-HT1 receptors.
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PMID:5-Hydroxytryptamine and its role in migraine. 188 18

We treated 28 patients (16 women and 12 men) who had essential tremor with methazolamide. Their median age was 69 years (range, 34 to 89 years), and the median duration of tremor was 16 years (range, less than 1 to 69 years). Fifteen cases were familial and 13 were sporadic. Improvement in 10 patients who continued taking the drug ranged from moderate to complete relief. In addition, four patients had marked improvement and two had moderate improvement but discontinued use of the drug because of side effects. Five patients with a mild response and seven with no response also discontinued methazolamide therapy. The maximal mean daily dose was 203 mg for all patients and 129 mg (maintenance dose) for the patients who continued taking the drug. Side effects consisted primarily of somnolence, nausea, epigastric discomfort, anorexia, paresthesias, and numbness. No aplastic anemia was noted in any of the patients. The median duration of follow-up was 6 months (range, 10 weeks to 29 months). The therapeutic effect seemed unrelated to a family history of tremor, the effect of alcohol, or the responsiveness to propranolol or primidone. Methazolamide may be an effective drug in the treatment of some patients with essential tremor, particularly those with head and voice tremor.
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PMID:Treatment of essential tremor with methazolamide. 192 92

1. The authors review the literature describing acute symptomatology produced by the gradual or abrupt withdrawal of heterocyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) and neuroleptics. 2. Withdrawal of heterocyclic antidepressants and antipsychotic agents causes similar symptomatology. Symptoms produced by the discontinuation of these drugs include nausea, emesis, anorexia, diarrhea, rhinorrhea, diaphoresis, myalgias, paresthesias, anxiety, agitation, restlessness, and insomnia. 3. Psychotic relapse is often presaged by anxiety, agitation, restlessness, and insomnia. Prodromal symptoms are distinguished from the effects of neuroleptic withdrawal by a temporal relationship of the latter to reductions in the dosage or discontinuation of antipsychotic agents. 4. Withdrawal of MAOIs can result in severe anxiety, agitation, pressured speech, sleeplessness or drowsiness, hallucinations, delirium, and paranoid psychosis. 5. MAOI withdrawal phenomena resemble the symptoms produced by the discontinuation of chronically administered psychostimulants. 6. The capacity of MAOIs to exert amphetamine-like effects presynaptically and the propensity of somatic treatments for depression to subsensitize presynaptic receptors regulating the release of catecholamines provide a basis for the development of psychotic symptoms upon the withdrawal of MAOI. Evidence for this hypothesis is reviewed.
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PMID:Heterocyclic antidepressant, monoamine oxidase inhibitor and neuroleptic withdrawal phenomena. 196 71

A 20 year old male naval crew-member suffering from sea sickness was treated with transdermal scopolamine (TS). After 5 months of continuous treatment, he developed scopolamine intoxication followed by the appearance of recurrent classic migraine attacks. He had never suffered from headache or migraine prior to TS intoxication. The migraine attacks comprised a prodrome of apathy, bad mood and loss of appetite lasting several hours. An aura of scintillating spots, left arm numbness and paresthesias lasting several minutes was followed by a severe throbbing unilateral headache with photophobia, sonophobia and nausea. After one year of repeated follow-up examination, he continued to suffer from the attacks once every 10 to 14 days, with no identified precipitating factors. We are not aware of similar cases in the medical literature. Although it is not possible to establish TS intoxication as a causal effect of the appearance of classic migraine in our patient, the temporal association and clinical course are very supportive of this assumption. Central nervous system neurotransmitter imbalance of cardiovascular alterations may possibly be implicated.
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PMID:Recurrent classic migraine attacks following transdermal scopolamine intoxication. 207 97

High thoracic epidural anesthesia was administered by anesthetists in 20 patients undergoing submuscular breast augmentation. An average of 12 ml of 2% lidocaine was instilled after sedation with midazolam, 2-6 mg. The augmentation procedure averaged 90 minutes. In 3 patients, the block developed more rapidly on one side than the other, but soon became symmetrical in all; additional subcutaneous infiltration of lidocaine was necessary in 1 patient because of infraclavicular pain; ephedrine, 10 mg was needed in 2 patients to treat hypotension (greater than 20% decrease in blood pressure). Three patients felt infraclavicular pressure; 1 had a brief sensation of breathlessness; 3 had nasal stuffiness from Horner's syndrome associated with the block; none developed headache, back pain, or paresthesias; and 3 had postoperative nausea. The average time from the end of the procedure to patient discharge was 96 minutes. In this limited series, high thoracic epidural anesthesia for submuscular breast augmentation was extremely satisfactory.
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PMID:Early experience with high thoracic epidural anesthesia in outpatient submuscular breast augmentation. 202 43

In this study, local and systemic tolerance and pharmacokinetics of trospectomycin sulfate in human beings were evaluated for the first time. Trospectomycin sulfate (U-63,366F; trospectomycin) or sterile saline was administered to 96 healthy male volunteers in doses ranging from 0.25 ml (75 mg) to 3.3 ml (1,000 mg) in a single intramuscular injection in a double-blind, randomized design. Volunteers were screened to establish baseline vital signs and laboratory test values. Pain and tenderness at the injection site, which occurred at doses of 450 mg and above, were the most common side effects; they were mild in severity and transient. Adverse drug experiences reported by subjects included nausea, dizziness, light-headedness, diaphoresis, costal pain, and perioral numbness. The perioral numbness (paresthesia) experienced at doses of 750, 900, and 1,000 mg was probably drug related. No Clostridium difficile toxin was detected in fecal samples. Pharmacokinetic calculations based on data obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography showed that after a 1,000-mg intramuscular dose of trospectomycin (3.3 ml), the serum mean half-life was 1.85 h (1.70 to 2.02 h), mean area under the serum concentration-time curve was 140.2 micrograms.h/ml and was linear with dose, mean peak concentration was 28.3 micrograms/ml (20.4 to 34.7 micrograms/ml), mean time to maximum concentration was 71 min (30 to 120 min), and the elimination rate constant was 0.307 h-1. The elimination rate constant and half-life did not vary with dose. Little trospectomycin was detected in 2-day fecal collections. A few randomly occurring abnormal clinical laboratory test values and vital signs were observed. For the trospectomycin-treated group, creatinine phosphokinase increased substantially for 24 h after injection and then decrease through day 5, while serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase increased slightly.
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PMID:Human safety and pharmacokinetics of a single intramuscular dose of a novel spectinomycin analog, trospectomycin (U-63,366F). 215 Sep 7

The Isoparaffins covered in this manuscript are branched aliphatic hydrocarbons with a carbon skeleton length ranging from approximately C10 to C15. They are used in the manufacture of liquid imaging toners, paint formulations, charcoal lighter fluid, furniture polishes and floor clearners. Potential exposure exists in the petroleum, printing and paint industries. Isoparaffins have a very low order of acute toxicity, being practically non-toxic by oral, dermal and inhalation routes. However, aspiration of liquid isoparaffins into the lungs during oral ingestion could result in severe pulmonary injury. Dermally, isoparaffins have produced slight to moderate irritation in animals and humans under occluded patch conditions where evaporation cannot freely occur. However, they are not irritating in non-occluded tests, which are a more realistic simulation of human exposure. They have not been found to be sensitizers in guinea pig or human patch testing. However, occasional rare idiosyncratic sensitization reactions in humans have been reported. Instillation of isoparaffins into rabbit eyes produces only slight irritation. Several studies have evaluated sensory irritation in laboratory animals or odor or sensory response in humans. When evaluated by a standard procedure to assess upper airway irritation, isoparaffins did not produce sensory irritation in mice exposed to up to 400 ppm isoparaffin in air. Human volunteers were exposed for six hours to 100 ppm isoparaffin. The subjects were given a self-administered questionnaire to evaluate symptoms, which included dryness of the mucous membranes, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, headache, dizziness, feeling of inebriation, visual disturbances, tremor, muscular weakness, impairment of coordination or paresthesia. No symptoms associated with solvent exposure were observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Toxicology update isoparaffinic hydrocarbons: a summary of physical properties, toxicity studies and human exposure data. 219 78

The correlation of specific headache attack characteristics derived from a standardized questionnaire was studied in a consecutive series of 392 patients attending a headache clinic. In patients reporting headache with aura such attacks tended to be infrequent, and the percentage of their headache attacks that were preceded by aura varied widely, many cases having very low percentages. Paresthesias as auras were uncommon and rarely occurred without visual aura. Unilateral headaches were associated with nausea to widely varying degrees. Most patients reported both unilateral headache and headache with tension characteristics. Definite history of hypertension was significantly correlated specifically with migraine with aura (classic migraine).
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PMID:Specific headache phenomena: their frequency and coincidence. 232 17

Electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring was performed on 291 donors during apheresis. Twenty-one donors (7.2%) had clinical symptoms such as discomfort, nausea, chill, numbness, and paresthesia, and 13 of this group exhibited ECG abnormalities, such as tachycardia, bradycardia, and other abnormal wave patterns. The donors with tachycardia and slight bradycardia had no symptoms. Ten donors had moderate to severe bradycardia with pulse rates less than 50 beats per minute; four of them had severe bradycardia (less than 45 beats per minute), and three of the four exhibited severe hypotension, vomiting, fainting, or convulsion. Other abnormal ECG changes, such as supraventricular and ventricular premature contractions, right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation or ST segment depression, and tall, flattened, or inverted T waves were observed in 29 donors (10%). These changes were not associated with symptoms. Only three of these donors complained of discomfort or chest heaviness. The abnormal waves appeared more often in granulocytapheresis donors than in plateletapheresis donors.
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PMID:Abnormal electrocardiographic findings in apheresis donors. 245 70


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