Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two double-blind, crossover trials comparing the antiemetic effectiveness of nabilone, a new synthetic cannabinoid, with that of prochlorperazine were conducted in patients with severe nausea and vomiting associated with anticancer chemotherapy. Of 113 patients evaluated, 90 (80 per cent) responded to nabilone therapy, whereas only 36 (32 per cent) responded to prochlorperazine (P less than 0.001). Complete relief of symptoms was infrequent, occurring only in nine patients (8 per cent) given nabilone. When both drugs were compared, both nausea (P less than 0.01) and vomiting episodes (P less than 0.001) were significantly lower in patients given nabilone. Moreover, patients clearly favored nabilone for continued use (P less than 0.001). Predominant side effects noted by patients were similar for both agents and included somnolence, dry mouth and dizziness but were about twice as frequent and more often severe in patients receiving nabilone. In addition, four patients (3 per cent) taking nabilone had side effects (hallucinations in three, hypotension in one) that required medical attention. Euphoria associated with nabilone was infrequent (16 per cent) and mild.
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PMID:Superiority of nabilone over prochlorperazine as an antiemetic in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. 37 88

22 patients entered a double-blind trial to test the efficacy of bromocriptine therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease already established on conventional levodopa therapy. 3 patients on placebo withdrew when no improvement occurred and control became complicated. 4 patients on active drug withdrew because of various symptoms, but in only 1 case were these (nausea and vomiting) thought to be a real drug effect. Of the 15 patients who completed the trial, 9 were on active drug and 6 were on placebo. Although more than half the patients in each group were subjectively improved, measurement scales of functional disability and physical examination revealed no significant change in either group. Side effects encountered included nausea, dyskinesiae and hallucinations. It is concluded that bromocriptine does not offer any additional benefit in most patients with Parkinson's disease who are well stabilised on levodopa therapy, but may have a place in those patients who encounter side effects due to fluctuations in serum and tissue levels of levodopa.
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PMID:An evaluation of bromocriptine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. 38 7

A double-blind cross-over trial with delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and placebo was employed to test the antiemetic effect on nausea and vomiting after MOPP-therapy. Although THC had remarkable antiemetic effects, the side effects were severe. Most patients preferred the nausea and the vomiting after MOPP-therapy to the use of THC. A relation between the antiemetic action or the side-effects and the blood-level of THC could not be demonstrated.
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PMID:delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as an antiemetic in patients treated with cancerchemotherapy; a double-blind cross-over trial against placebo. 51 62

The mechanisms underlying the frequent association of nausea and vomiting with elevations of plasma vasopressin(PAVP) were studied in man and rat. After oral water loads (N = 16), plasma osmolality fell in all human subjects and was associated with a decline in PAVP in 14 asymptomatic human subjects. In 2 human subjects, nausea occurred and was associated with increases in PAVP, without changes in blood pressure. During ethanol infusion (N = 28), PAVP was suppressed unless nausea supervened. In 4 nauseated human subjects, PAVP escaped from ethanol inhibition and rose to levels 10 times basal, despite the absence of hemodynamic changes. Apomorphine, a potent dopamine agonist and emetic agent, was administered to human volunteers in doses of 7 to 24 microgram/kg. There was no increase in PAVP in 3 human subjects who remained asymptomatic (7 to 16 microgram/kg). Ten human subjects experienced nausea after 16 microgram/kg, which was followed shortly by marked increases in PAVP. Emesis occurred in 5 human subjects given 16 to 24 microgram/kg, and was followed by PAVP levels similar to those seen with nausea alone. In 7 human subjects from the nausea group, the repeat study (16 microgram/kg) after pretreatment with dopamine antagonist (haloperidol, N = 4; fluphenazine, N = 3) resulted in complete blockage of apomorphine-induced AVP release. In rats, which lack an emetic reflex, apomorphine doses of 200 microgram/kg induced only slight increases in PAVP when compared to the response to 16 microgram/kg in man. These studies indicate that stimulation of the emetic reflex results in AVP-release in man. Nausea-mediated AVP release supervenes over concomitant osmolar or pharmacologic (ethanol) inhibition.
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PMID:Influence of the emetic reflex on vasopressin release in man. 54 11

Women (185) undergoing elective orthopedic surgery under balanced general anesthesia were given 5 or 10 mg of domperidone, 1.25 mg of droperidol, 10 mg of metoclopramide, or a saline placebo intravenously in a double-blind random fashion 5 minutes before the end of anesthesia to prevent postoperative vomiting. Administration of the same antiemetic was repeated intramuscularly during the first 24 hours postoperatively if the patient complained of nausea or retched or vomited. Sigificantly (p less than 0.05 to p less than 0.001), fewer of the patients given droperidol were nauseated (25%) or vomited (17%) in comparison with patients given saline (incidence of nausea was 55% and vomiting 40%). Incidences of nausea and vomiting were similar in patients given domperidone, metoclopramide, or saline. Furthermore, 39 to 45% of the patients given domperidone, metoclopramide, or saline needed additional doses of the same drug, whereas only 22% of the patient given droperidol required a second dose. It is concluded that droperidol is effective in the prevention and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting after balanced general anesthesia but that domperidone or metoclopramide are not.
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PMID:Comparison of domperidone, droperidol, and metoclopramide in the prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting after balanced general anesthesia. 57 64

Laboratory and clinical investigations were carried out to determine the effectiveness of bismuth subsalicylate in allaying nausea by preventing the physical symptom of emesis. In normal conscious dogs, a bismuth subsalicylate formulation caused a dose-related reduction in the incidence of vomiting in response to an emetic dose of ipecac syrup. In normal human subjects, a bismuth subsalicylate suspension, unlike the placebo formulation, successfully subdued nausea and vomiting in 66.7 and 80% of the subjects, respectively, in response to ipecac syrup. Both findings demonstrate that bismuth subsalicylate can provide antiemetic action and that the decreases in the occurrence of emesis in humans and dogs parallels the decrease in nausea found in humans and the nausea suspected to occur prior to emesis in dogs.
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PMID:Antinauseant and antiemetic properties of bismuth subsalicylate in dogs and humans. 78 91

The main symptoms of infection with Giardia intestinalis in 33 Sudanese adults were abdominal pain, flatulence and diarrhoea. Other symptoms were offensive stools, loss of weight, milk intolerance, mucoid stools, nausea and vomiting. Tinidazole given orally as 150 mg. twice daily dose for seven days or as a single 1,000 mg. dose, eradicated the infection in 32 out of the 33 patients. This parasitological cure was obtained in all 21 patients who received the seven day course and in 11 out of 12 patients who were given the single dose. All symptoms disappeared in 16 out of the 32 patients and in the remaining half improvement was marked particularly as regards the three main symptoms of the disease. The single dose gave no side effects but nausea, headache, skin rash and worsening of abdominal pain and diarrhoea occurred in some patients who received the seven day treatment course.
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PMID:Symptomatic giardiasis in Sudanese adults and its treatment with tinidazole. 85 Feb 86

Twenty-eight geriatric residents of a nursing home participated in a double-blind study to compare the 12-hour therapeutic effectiveness of a single intramuscular injection (1.0 mg) of haloperidol with that of placebo for the relief of vomiting and nausea due to gastrointestinal disorders. Significantly fewer episodes of vomiting occurred in the haloperidol group than in the placebo group. Nausea also was less frequent in the haloperidol group. After four hours, symptoms recurred much more often in the placebo group. Global evaluations showed that a significantly greater number of haloperidol patients improved markedly than did those given placebo. There were no clinically significant changes in vital signs throughout the study in the haloperidol group. In 1 placebo patient the pulse rate was significantly increased; otherwise no adverse reactions were reported for this group. Thus, in a nursing-home population of geriatric patients who experienced vomiting and nausea due to gastrointestinal disorders, haloperidol administered parenterally proved to be a safe and highly effective antiemetic agent.
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PMID:Haloperidol parenterally for treatment of vomiting and nausea from gastrointestinal disorders in a group of geriatric patients: double-blind, placebo-controlled study. 108 51

Sixty-two postoperative patients were admitted to a double-blind study to compare the therapeutic effectiveness of a single intramuscular injection of 1 mg of haloperidol with that of a placebo for the relief of vomiting and nausea following surgical procedures. Significantly fewer patients continued to vomit or experience nausea in the haloperidol-treatment group than in the placebo-treatment group. No statistically or clinically significant change in vital signs occurred in the haloperidol-treatment group. No serious side effect occurred in either group.
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PMID:The use of haloperidol for treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting--a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. 109 Nov 83

Thirty-two patients with stage D carcinoma of the prostate were treated with oral estramustine phosphate at a dose of 15 mg/kg/day from 3 to 15 months. Objective remissions, reduction of greater than 50 percent of measurable lesions such as soft tissue masses, lymph nodes, and prostatic masses, were seen in seven of 32 patients (22 percent response rate). Subjective response, ie, relief of pain, weight gain, sense of well being, snd improved performance status, occurred in all objective responders and in seven other patients with stable disease (15 of 32 patients = 47 percent). No hematologic, hepatic, or renal toxic effects were observed. Transient nausea occurred early in one half of the patients and nausea and vomiting was dose limiting in only two patients. Oral estramustine phosphate is well tolerated and worthy of further clinical use.
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PMID:Oral estramustine phosphate (NSC-89199) in the treatment of advanced (stage D) carcinoma of the prostate. 109 69


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