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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The new low-dose hormonal postcoital method, a combination of 200 mcg ethinylestradiol and 2 mg norgestrel was used in 633 women, and a statistically significantly lower observed pregnancy rate was found compared to the expected number of pregnancies if no contraception was used. Patterns of menstruation, its onset and duration, after use of this morning-after pill, are documented in respect to follicular, midcycle and luteal administration. Individual side effects such as nausea, vomiting and mastalgia are noted, but antiemetics did not reduce the incidence. Though efficacy of this technique is not found to be favorable in comparison to the 5 mg ethinylestradiol treatment, the low-dose of steroid, the one-day treatment and its lesser side effects show this alternative morning-after pill suitable for use as a first choice in case of an unprotected sexual encounter.
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PMID:Interception II: postcoital low-dose estrogens and norgestrel combination in 633 women. 399 63

147 Mexican women, of low socioeconomic level, who had aborted spontaneously and desired pregnancy, were subjected to trial of placebo oral contraceptive. In 424 months there were 72 pregnancies, a Pearl index of 203.8 pregnancies per 100 couple-years. Menstrual cycles lasted 21-24 days in 30 women (9.8%), 25-35 days in 235 (76.8%), and 36-59 days in 38 (12.4%). 18 cycles (5.8%) were marked by intermenstrual bleeding. Incidence of 31 side effects is listed. Most common were: decreased libido 125 months (29.5%), headache 66 (15.6%), lower abdominal pain and bloating 58 (13.7%), dizziness 47 (11.1%). Common complaints were nervousness, increased libido, dysmenorrhea, nausea, epigastric pain, leg pain, leukorrhea, somnolence. Oral contraceptive-like side effects reported in fewer than 1% of months included acne, mastalgia, increased appetite, weight gain, painful varicose veins. Nausea (here 4.2% of months) was the only side effect with markedly different incidence from other studies with active oral contraceptives.
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PMID:Incidence of side effects with contraceptive placebo. 535 96

618 women used Ortho-Novum 2mg (2 mg norethindrone and .1mg mestranol) for 5330 cycles of treatment. There were no pregnancies. 34.8% of the patients experienced some diminution of menstrual flow volume and 20.6% experienced bleeding episodes, most commonly during the first few cycles. There was no weight change in 20%, 46.5% noted a gain of 5 to 10 pounds, weight loss occurred in 24.4%. The most common side effects were nausea (2.9%), mastalgia (1.6%), nervousness (1.3%), fatigue (1.1%), and headaches (1.1%). 10.3% of the clinic patients and 14.7% of the private patients complained of side effects. The dropout rate was 5.5%.
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PMID:Long-term study of oral contraception with norethindrone 2 mg. and mestranol 0.1 mg. 590 Oct 12

Postcoital contraception (PC) has become more effective in recent years and is recommended for women who have had unprotected coitus between the 8th and 17th days of their cycles. Vaginal douche using a spermicide solution is ineffective as it has resulted in a 37% pregnancy rate. Estrogens are far more effective: Diethylstilbestrol (DES), taken in doses of 25-50 mg daily for 5 days, e.g., 10 mg of conjugated estrogens 3 times daily, and 2.5 mg ethinyl estradiol 2 times daily for 5 days 24-72 hours after coitus, has resulted in a .5-1.5% pregnancy rate. Side effects, however, include nausea, vomiting, mastalgia, menorrhagia, extrauterine pregnancy, and adenocarcinoma in daughters of DES-treated women. Gestagens, such as .15-.40 mg of d-norgestrel taken 3 hours after coitus, can be used as a form of planned PC. In an experiment, an estrogen-gestagen preparation consisting of 50 mcg ethinyl estradiol and 500 mcg dl-norgestrel taken 12-72 hours after coitus produced a .9% pregnancy rate in 1300 menstrual cycles with few serious side effects. Copper 7 or copper-T IUDs also prevent the implantation of the fertilized egg, and, when used within 5 days after coitus, produced only 1 pregnancy in 727 cases. The ideal future PC would be a preparation that inhibits either ovulation or nidation and has limited side effects. Among some promising agents are a luteinizing hormone-releasing factor agonist as well as natural and synthetic prostaglandins; however, until their cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side effects have been ameliorated, their routine use is unlikely.
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PMID:[Postcoital contraception]. 661 4

Some form of postcoital contraception for protection against unwanted pregnancy is indispensable today especially in cases of rape, failed mechanical contraception, or 1st sexual contact without contraception. A tabletform of postcoital contraceptive would be acceptable if 100% certainty is assured and it doesn't involve adverse effects. Postcoitally administered high-dose estrogens proved effective in Macaca mulatta. Diethylstilbestrol in variable dosages with or without ethinylestradiol was used in various studies and with variable results. Pregnancy rates depended on time of coitus in cycle, contraceptive dosage, and time of administration after coitus (within 72 hours). Conjugated estrogens and various progestagens or combinations of both have been tried with variable success. Another form of postcoital contraception is IUD insertion within 7 days following unprotected coitus. Advantages of this method are the time factors and absence of adverse effects of hormonal contraceptives. Postcoital hormonal contraceptives cause changes in the endometrium which prevent blastocyst implantation. They alter tubal function affecting zygote movement towards the uterus. They have an antiovulatory effect and may be luteolytic. Estrogens have more severe side effects than progestagens. Nausea, vomiting, mastodynia, fluid retention, and vaginal bleeding can result from estrogens. Progestagens can cause irregular bleeding. Combination of both can cause menstrual irregularity. Postcoital hormonal contraceptives are contraindicated in heart and liver diseases, thrombosis, and pregnancy (teratogenic and carcinogenic effects on offspring). Pregnancy despite postcoital contraception results in extrauterine pregnancy in 10% of patients. The most important reservations in evaluating publications on this subject are: 1) lack of control group; 2) estimation of pregnancy probability is not reliable because of study population used; 3) patient fertility cannot be ascertained; and 4) reliability of information provided by patient. Conclusion from literature studies is that postcoital hormonal contraception is of value but effectiveness is not proven. More research is needed and indications are that other less radical drugs may be found in near future.
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PMID:[Postcoital contraception]. 725 97

The objective of the study was to assess the clinical effectiveness of the monophasic oral contraceptive Marvelon by examining its safety and its effectiveness in controlling the menstrual cycle as well as the frequency and types of side effects. 24 healthy women with an average age of 24.5 years (range of 18-33 years) were the subjects. 23 had previous reproductive events: 18 births, 5 spontaneous abortions, and 16 induced abortions. 17 women had used contraceptives sporadically: 3 postcoital pills, 8 triphasic pills, and 6 monophasic pills. During the year prior to initiating Marvelon use 2 women had experienced oligomenorrhea, 5 had had hypermenorrhea, 6 had had dysmenorrhea, and 3 had had irregular uterine bleeding. The observation period of contraceptive use lasted 4-6 months, during which a total of 121 cycles were evaluated without one single case of pregnancy. This meant a 100% contraceptive safety or a Pearl index of 0. 20 of the patients had stable cycles. 4 women with 13 of the 121 cycles (10.5%) had menstrual disorders. There were 5 cases of breakthrough bleeding and 8 cases of spotting. Weak dysmenorrhea occurred only in 2 patients. Other side effects included: nausea (2), headache (2), nervousness (2), mastodynia (3), vertigo (1), depression (1), and increase of body weight (2). As the duration of taking Marvelon increased the frequency of menstrual disorders declined. Not a single case of post-pill amenorrhea occurred. At the present time over 5 million women use Marvelon in the world. Epidemiological studies involving 14,903 women with a total of 98,225 menstrual cycles have revealed only 4 pregnancies or a Pearl index of 0.06. In the present study regular pseudomenstrual bleeding was confirmed in 89.5% of investigated cycles, which compares to 96.1% indicated in the literature. Marvelon proved to be a modern, safe contraceptive with stable control of the menstrual cycle, and which exhibited only minor side effects.
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PMID:[A clinical trial with the monophasic contraceptive Marvelon]. 779 30

In a pilot clinical trial on 52 patients, 75 microg Quinagolide given once per day was administered for the treatment of cyclical mastodynia. Linear analogue charts were used for the assessment of response. Decrease in breast pain, heaviness, tenderness and serum prolactin level on the one hand, and increases in the serum estradiol and progesterone levels on the other hand were noted after 3 and 6 months administration, and were statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed by Paired t-test or Wilcoxon test. One-Way Anova Repeated Measures and Wilcoxon test and analysis of Covariance model. The beneficial effect of Quinagolide also lasted after the cessation of treatment. Fourteen patients dropped out during treatment. Adverse effects like nausea, low blood pressure, dizziness and constipation were rarely reported.
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PMID:Pilot study on the treatment of cyclical mastodynia with Quinagolide. 1037 28

Dr. J.M. Manautou, Director of Research, Mexican Institute of Social Security, gave a report on a study of continuous administration of 500 mug. of chlormadinone acetate to regulate fertility without inhibiting ovulation. Smaller doses (400,300 and 250 mug.) were used as well, in fewer patients and with less satisfactory results. The 500 mug. dose was used in 1123 women for a total of 13,202 cycles; 121 of these women received the treatment for 21 uninterrupted cycles. All the women in this study were under 36 years of age. Of the 1123 women on the 500 mug. dose, 40 became pregnant; six of these pregnancies were taken to be method failures because the women denied suspending treatment at any stage, and the other 34 were classed as patient failures. This gave a clinical efficiency for the method of 3.7 pregnancies per 100 woman-years. A special test was carried out on some of the women taking part in the study to check their accuracy regarding omission of treatment. Nearly half of those tested left out one or more tablets without admitting this; the presentation of the tablets did not allow the women to check whether they had omitted tablets or not. Dr. Manautou considered that better presentation would keep the women informed about the number of tablets they had taken and would obviate patient failures. Chlormadinone acetate was taken by 10 women who had become pregnant, until their amenorrhoea was correctly diagnosed. All these pregnancies were normal, with eight male and two female babies. No congenital abnormalities or signs of virilization were found. On continuous administration of chlormadinone acetate, menstrual bleeding occurred at 21-24 day intervals in 11.8% of cycles, at 25-35 day intervals in 65.5% of cycles, and at 36-59 day intervals in 20.6%. In no case did menstruation cease. In only 19 women was there menorrhagia of such proportions that the tablets had to be stopped. Intermenstrual bleeding occurred in 20.3% during the first cycle of administration; this percentage decreased over successive cycles until by the 20st cycle it occurred in only 2.1%. In most cases it was slight. Mechanism of action: This is not yet completely clear, but a number of investigations were carried out to try to discover how the compound acts. In 380 endometrial biopsies, 37.9% were irregularly secretory, 30.5% normally secretory, 15% irregular, 9.5% proliferative, and only 7.1% inactive. Culdoscopic studies were carried out in 50 women; in 37 a corpus luteum was present, in six the ovary appeared inactive, in three there was follicular activity without corpus luteum formation, three had cysts in the ovary, and one had a -corpus luteum not of recent origin. In 18 of the 37 cases in which a corpus luteum was found ovarian biopsy was done. The presence of an active corpus luteum was diagnosed in 12. Cervical mucus was investigated in 115 women between the 12th and 16th days of the first three cycles of continuous treatment. The physico-chemical characteristics of the mucus were modified in a way that made it hostile to the entry of sperms. Further, more precise, tests on the cervical mucus will need to be done to reach definite conclusions in this respect. There was a low incidence of side-effects caused by hormonal imbalance, such as nausea, vomiting, chloasma, and mastalgia. The only side-effect that was troublesome was breakthrough bleeding.
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PMID:Low-dose oral products. 1225 2

The treatment of hepato-digestive side effects of combined oral contraceptives using Citro B6 (an association of monopyridoxine citrate, betaine, and citric acid) in 50 women aged 16-62 years is reported. Citro B6 was administered in 1 or 2 courses of 20 days, 3 ampules per day. Therapeutic results were considered good or excellent in 43 patients, with disappearance of nausea and digestive disturbances, and improvement of mastodynia, headache, leg pain, and serum lipid levels. The author recommends the routine use of Citro B6 in association with oral contraceptives.
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PMID:[Prevention and treatment of the secondary effects of oral contraceptives using Citro B-6]. 1225 58

The results of clinical trials of vaginal contraceptive pills suggest that this is a safe, effective, and acceptable means of fertility control. Plasma levels of progesterone rise at a slower pace and to a lower peak value when contraception is administered vaginally rather than orally. Despite lower blood levels, ovulation is suppressed in the majority of cycles and fertility control compares favorably with that observed in users of low-dose combined OCs. Lower steroid blood levels and the fact that vaginal pills bypass the liver minimize the occurrence of side effects noted in some OC users such as nausea, gastric intolerance, headaches, weight gain, and dizziness. In 1 clinical trial, 124 women used a vaginal pill containing 500 mcg of d-1-norgestrel and 50 mcg of ethinyl estradiol for 6-20 months, for a total of 1438 women-months. No pregnancies occurred in this series. Bleeding generally developed 3-5 days after insertion of the last pill and lasted 3-5 days in 98% of cycles. The interval between withdrawal bleeding events was 26-30 days in 86% of cycles. Breakthrough bleeding occurred in only 6 subjects. Vaginal discharge, involving pathogenic agents similar to those found in OC users, developed in 26 (20%) of subjects. 44 women (36%) discontinued before 1 year of use: 7 cited medical reasons (mastalgia, vaginal irritation), 6 desired pregnancy, and the remaining 31 found daily insertion tedious or distasteful. No significant changes occurred in blood cell counts, hematocrit, or blood chemistry. Smaller clinical trials of both Gestrinone, an anti-estrogenic progesterone, and a vaginal pill containing 50 mcg of mestranol and 1 mg of norethindrone have obtained similar results. These findings suggest that the vaginal contraceptive pill may offer family planning clinics a better alternative than OCs as the 1st prescribed contraceptive.
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PMID:The vaginal contraceptive pill. 1226 27


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