Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Data from four double-blind studies of the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis were combined. For 4 to 12 weeks, 747 patients received Arthrotec, a combination of 50 mg of diclofenac and 200 micrograms of misoprostol, and 754 patients received 50 mg of diclofenac; the drugs were given twice or three times daily. The five most commonly reported adverse events were abdominal pain by 23.2% of the diclofenac/misoprostol patients and 19.8% of the diclofenac patients; diarrhea by 19.9% and 11.3%; nausea by 11.8% and 6.5%; dyspepsia by 11.2% and 7.8%; and flatulence by 8.0% and 3.1%. Other adverse events, reported by similar proportions of both treatment groups, included headache, gastritis, dizziness, vomiting, and constipation. In the diclofenac/misoprostol-treated patients, the abdominal pain and diarrhea were rated mild in 30.6% and 24.3%, moderate in 49.1% and 51.4%, and severe in 20.2% and 24.3%. Serious adverse events occurred in eight of the diclofenac/misoprostol-treated patients and in 13 of the diclofenac-treated patients; 12.6% and 10.1%, respectively, were withdrawn from the study because of adverse events. Results of laboratory tests of hepatic and renal function were similar in the two treatment groups.
 ...
PMID:Overall safety of Arthrotec. 143 22

Diloxanide furoate is used for treating asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic persons who are passing cysts of Entamoeba histolytica. The Centers for Disease Control (Atlanta) released this drug for 4,371 treatment courses from 1977 through 1990. Of the 2,815 report forms (64%) returned, 656 adverse effects were reported for 390 treatment courses (14%); they included flatulence (260), diarrhea or cramping (100), nausea (93), headache (17), disorientation or dizziness (9), and diplopia (4). During 1984-1990 uniform collection of data allowed more detailed analysis of toxicity and efficacy; fewer adverse effects were reported for persons aged 20 months to 10 years than for persons aged greater than 10 years (6 of 206 [3%] vs. 89 of 763 [12%], relative risk = 0.27, 95% confidence interval = 0.12 less than relative risk less than 0.61). Parasitological cures were achieved during 497 (86%) of the 575 treatment courses (52%) administered to asymptomatic persons who were passing cysts, who had received a full 10-day treatment course, and for whom results of a follow-up stool examination (greater than or equal to 14 days post-treatment) were available. Diloxanide furoate is safe and effective for treating asymptomatic persons who are passing E. histolytica cysts and may be particularly well tolerated in children.
 ...
PMID:Diloxanide furoate for treating asymptomatic Entamoeba histolytica cyst passers: 14 years' experience in the United States. 844 25

In the framework of an extensive health survey, 119 viscose rayon workers exposed to carbon disulfide (CS2) and 79 workers from other plants not exposed to any toxic agent in the working environment underwent a gastrointestinal examination including a self-administered questionnaire, abdominal palpation, percussion and a number of liver function tests. In the viscose rayon factory the working conditions have not changed since 1932. Personal monitoring performed in 17 jobs showed CS2 exposures varying from 4 to 112 mg.m-3. For each individual a cumulative CS2 exposure index (CS2 index) was calculated. Univariate analysis of the questionnaire findings showed significantly higher prevalences of anorexia (37.0% vs 11.4%, P less than 0.0001), vomiting (12.6% vs 3.8%, P = 0.04), and recent weight loss (10.9% vs 1.3%, P = 0.009) in the exposed than in the non-exposed workers. The exposed workers had a larger total number of gastrointestinal complaints and a larger proportion reported at least one complaint at least once a month than the non-exposed ones. Abdominal tenderness was very rare in both groups. In multiple logistic regression analysis, adjusting for alcohol intake, smoking, body mass index (BMI), coffee consumption, commuting time, stress at work, shift work, educational level, family history of ulcer disease and intake of medication, significant associations with exposure were found for anorexia (P = 0.0001), nausea (P = 0.009), vomiting (P = 0.002) and flatulence (P = 0.03). Stress at work was a determinant for quite a few digestive complaints, but shift work was not significantly associated with any of them.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Epidemiological study of gastrointestinal and liver effects of carbon disulfide. 158 25

Acute Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with dyspeptic symptoms but chronic infection has not clearly been shown to cause symptoms. To define further the role of H. pylori infection and gastritis in dyspepsia, we interviewed all patients about to undergo upper endoscopy, recorded the primary indication for endoscopy, noted the endoscopic findings, and obtained antral biopsies. Among non-ulcer patients there was a strong correlation of acute gastritis with H. pylori. Gastritis and H. pylori increased with age, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use correlated with normal histology. Neither H. pylori concentration nor gastritis grade correlated with gender, use of alcohol and tobacco, indication for endoscopy, or symptoms (epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating, belching, heartburn, halitosis, and flatulence).
 ...
PMID:Symptoms, gastritis, and Helicobacter pylori in patients referred for endoscopy. 851 92

Prostaglandin analogues, used in the treatment of duodenal and benign gastric ulcer and in the prevention of gastric ulceration caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are frequently associated with gastrointestinal side effects, particularly diarrhoea and abdominal cramps. We investigated the effects of misoprostol, a prostaglandin E1 derivative, on bowel motility and faecal loss of fat, water and bile acids in relation to its postprandial vs. preprandial administration. Twelve healthy subjects participated in a double-blind crossover study comparing three 5-day courses of therapy with a washout period of 1-2 weeks between courses. Following a Latin Square design, the dosing regimens were (a) 400 micrograms misoprostol b.d. after meals and placebo b.d. before meals; (b) 400 micrograms misoprostol b.d. before meals and placebo b.d. after meals; (c) placebo before and after meals. Orocaecal transit time measured by H2 breath tests following lactulose administration, was shortest during pre-prandial dosing but was also significantly decreased during post-prandial dosing. The overall treatment difference was highly significant (P less than 0.001), and the difference between each pair of treatments was also statistically significant. Whole bowel transit time studied by means of 3H-PEG 4000 determination in stools, was shorter for the two misoprostol regimens but statistical significance was borderline. The number of stools passed per day was similar in the three groups. During both misoprostol dosing periods, stools were less formed and their content of water, fat and bile acids was higher. There was also more urgency, flatulence, abdominal pain and nausea. It is concluded that the gastrointestinal side effects caused by misoprostol are mainly based on an increased orocaecal transit time. The effects are more important when the drug is administered before meals than after meals.
 ...
PMID:Effects on bowel motility of misoprostol administered before and after meals. 179 84

Dopamine antagonists are effective anti-emetics. Domperidone does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier and is less likely to cause central nervous system side-effects than metoclopramide. However, a direct comparison of the safety and efficacy of the two drugs has not hitherto been made. Ninety-five patients, with symptoms of nausea and vomiting due to a variety of oesophageal or gastric disorders, were recruited into a randomised, double-blind, three-part, parallel-group comparative study of controlled release metoclopramide 15 mg (Gastrobid Continus tablets, Napp Laboratories) given twice daily, and domperidone 10 mg or 20 mg given three times daily. Assessments for nausea, vomiting, reflux symptoms and adverse events were made on entry to the study. Patients were randomly allocated to one of the three treatment regimes for a period of seven days, throughout which daily symptomatology and use of escape medication were recorded on a diary card. At the end of the treatment period, nausea, vomiting and reflux symptoms, adverse events and a global assessment of patients' symptom control were recorded by the investigator. Both controlled release metoclopramide and high and low dose domperidone significantly reduced symptoms of belching, flatulence, distension, heartburn, regurgitation, reflux, nausea and vomiting compared to baseline. There were no significant differences between the three treatments in efficacy or in the number and severity of side-effects.
 ...
PMID:A comparison of controlled release metoclopramide and domperidone in the treatment of nausea and vomiting. 181 Mar 56

During the period from March through November 1989, 70 children who were attended at the Pediatric Department at Central Hospital in Valencia, were enrolled in the study, it was thought that Giardia lamblia infection might be present. Giardia L. were identified using two different diagnostic procedures: from stool samples and duodenal aspirates for cysts or trophozoites examination. These children were treated with Metronidazole three dosage of 15, 30 and 50 mg/kg per day for a ten day period. Our study showed predominant giardiasis in children with ages ranging from 2 to 6 years old (60%) with a relationship between female and male sex 1.05:1. In this series, 72.8% of patients presented normal nutrition, and 55.7% of them were from the suburban area. The most frequent symptoms were abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal distention, constipation and flatulence. The infants prevalent symptom was diarrhea (83.3%) and the older children and school children prevalent symptom was abdominal pain with 78.5 and 100% respectively. In this study, stool examination was positive in 97.1% of the children and duodenal aspirate was positive in all 70 children (100%); the first procedure showed predominant Giardia cysts (88.2%) and the second one showed predominant trophozoites (47.1%). All 70 patients (100%) were cured with Metronidazole to different dosage. Side effects were seen with only the maxim dose, such as nausea 40%, headache 10% and appearance of yeast into 50% of duodenal aspirate.
 ...
PMID:[Giardia lamblia: comparison of two diagnostic methods and evaluation of response to treatment with metronidazole]. 184 30

Ninety-one normal, healthy volunteers participated in a single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel group study: 1) to compare the prostaglandin E1 analog, misoprostol, given at a dose of 200 micrograms bid, with the recommended dose of 200 micrograms qid in protecting the gastroduodenal mucosa against injury due to anti-inflammatory doses of aspirin (3900 mg/day); and 2) to determine whether the reduced dose was associated with a lesser incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) side effects, particularly diarrhea. All subjects received 975 mg of aspirin qid with meals and at bedtime. They were concurrently administered either misoprostol 200 micrograms qid, misoprostol 200 micrograms bid and placebo bid, or placebo qid. All subjects were endoscopically normal at the onset of the study and were re-endoscoped on the morning of the 7th day of therapy, 2 h after the morning dose of medications. Gastric and duodenal mucosa were assessed separately on a 0-7 scale which gave a greater weight to erosions than to hemorrhages. GI symptoms, especially bowel habits, were assessed by means of diary cards. Subjects in both misoprostol groups had significantly less gastric and duodenal mucosal injury than subjects who received placebo (p less than 0.007 for each pairwise comparison). There was no statistically significant difference between the two misoprostol groups (p less than 0.093). Subjects in the misoprostol 200 micrograms qid group had significantly more loose and watery bowel movements than the subjects in the misoprostol 200 micrograms bid group (p less than 0.013), whereas there were no significant differences in bowel habits between the misoprostol 200 micrograms bid and placebo groups (p less than 0.122). More subjects in the misoprostol 200 micrograms qid group reported abdominal pain, loose stools, watery stools, flatulence, dyspepsia, and nausea than in the misoprostol 200 micrograms bid and placebo groups. In conclusion, the adverse events in the misoprostol 200 micrograms bid group were not significantly different from those in the placebo group, and were significantly better than in the misoprostol 200 micrograms qid group. The lower dose retained mucosal protective activity that was statistically indistinguishable from that of misoprostol 200 micrograms qid.
 ...
PMID:A double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-day evaluation of two doses of misoprostol in gastroduodenal mucosal protection against damage from aspirin and effect on bowel habits. 196 19

In June 1983, an outbreak of waterborne giardiasis occurred in a group of 93 university students and faculty participating in a geology field course in Colorado. All cases occurred in one subgroup of persons who were heavily exposed to untreated stream water on a field trip, and the risk of illness was strongly related to the amount of untreated stream water consumed. The median incubation period from a brief exposure to the first symptom was 7 days. The authors compared symptoms and stool sample results among 31 Giardia-positive persons in the exposed group and 36 Giardia-negative participants in an unexposed group to assess several case definitions for acute giardiasis. Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, flatulence, foul-smelling stools, nausea, excessive tiredness, bloating, anorexia, and chills were each significantly more common in the first group than in the second. A giardiasis case definition of 5 days or more of diarrhea--the definition used in many epidemiologic studies of giardiasis--had a specificity of 100 percent but a sensitivity of only 32.2 percent compared with a definition based on results of stool examinations. When a case was defined as an illness lasting 7 days or more, with a combination of two or more of six symptoms (diarrhea, flatulence, foul-smelling stools, nausea, abdominal cramps, and excessive tiredness), sensitivity rose to 73 percent, with a specificity of 88 percent. Such a case definition may be an improvement over that of 5 days of diarrhea, especially in outbreaks where there is good laboratory documentation that Giardia is the etiologic agent. The definition should be validated in other outbreaks and in situations where giardiasis must be distinguished from gastrointestinal disease caused by other agents.
 ...
PMID:Acute giardiasis: an improved clinical case definition for epidemiologic studies. 199 3

In Nazi-occupied Europe (1939-1945), Jews were submitted to extreme mental and physical hardships (the Holocaust). This study was designed to investigate the impact of the severe protracted suffering on the development of chronic functional gastrointestinal symptoms. Thus, we studied 623 consecutive patients of Eastern European origin who had been admitted for nongastrointestinal complaints. They filled out detailed questionnaires, and were divided into the following two groups: A) Holocaust survivors [237 subjects who had been for at least 6 months in either German concentration/extermination camps (95 subjects), ghetto and/or underground movements (65 subjects), labor camps not directly supervised by Germans (79 subjects)], and B) a control group (384 subjects from the same demographic background, who had not been exposed to Nazi persecutions). The symptoms investigated were the following: abdominal pain, irregular bowel habits, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal distension, heartburn, flatulence, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, mucus in stool, tenesmus, and aerophagia. Patients were defined as having functional symptoms after these had been present for at least 5 yr and relevant organic disease had been excluded. The prevalence, duration of suffering, and frequency of appearance of most symptoms were significantly higher in the group of Holocaust survivors. This study supports the clinical observations that severe and protracted suffering contributes to the development of chronic functional gastrointestinal symptomatology.
 ...
PMID:Chronic functional gastrointestinal symptoms in Holocaust survivors. 201 42


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>