Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Special side effects which relate to specific areas are discussed. Head and neck radiation produces acute problems related to swallowing, dry mouth, sore throat and thickened saliva which all require medication. Alteration of taste may last for months after radiation is completed. Radiation to lungs may cause worsening breathlessness and coughing which may necessitate interruption of treatment. Radiation to pelvis and abdomen result in nausea and diarrhoea which usually respond to treatment. Proctitis, vaginal discharge and urinary problems all need attention. With cranial radiation, hair loss is a major problem and unlike chemotherapy induced alopecia, there is poor recovery. Patients must be informed that their condition will improve when radiation ceases, and not attribute all symptoms to underlying disease. Protection in this country is in line with international standards and strict adherence protects the work force. Patients with radioactive sources in situ e.g. radium or implants such as gold seeds, iridium wires, or being treated by radioactive iodine all require special nursing and are nursed in a protected ward. Staff wear film badges to detect radiation absorbed. If in doubt about safety measures contact superiors or radiophysics department of hospital. Patients already isolated from visitors must not be neglected and nurses must observe instructions and then proceed with safety.
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PMID:About radiotherapy--Part II. Side effects and staff protection. 273 65

High-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) with or without lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells has been reported to have activity in certain solid tumors, but toxicity has usually required hospitalization for administration. The purpose of this trial was to determine the antineoplastic effect and toxicity of IL-2 administered at a lower dose in an outpatient setting. Eligibility criteria included measurable disease, Karnofsky performance greater than or equal to 70%, age greater than 18 years, and adequate bone marrow, renal, and hepatic function. The median age of 35 patients was 56 years (range, 20 to 75). Diagnoses included malignant lymphoma (ML), (nine patients), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (eight), melanoma (eight), colorectal cancer (six), renal cancer (two), and breast cancer (two). The initial 18 patients were treated with 1 mg/m2 (3 x 10(6) U/m2 intravenous [IV] bolus) for five days every other week for a total of 4 treatment weeks (8 weeks total). The subsequent 17 patients were treated with 0.5 mg/m2 (1.5 x 10(6) U/m2). All patients were evaluable for toxicity, and 26 for tumor response. Toxicities included fatigue (71%), nausea (69%), hypotension (54%), fever (51%), chills (40%), weight gain (37%), pruritus or rash (31%), dyspnea (14%), azotemia (6%), confusion (6%), thrombocytopenia (6%), and myocardial infarction (3%). Four patients died from apparently unrelated causes within the first 2 weeks of treatment. Treatment was discontinued before the completion of 8 weeks of treatment because of progressive disease (12 patients), severe hypotension (three), azotemia (one), myocardial infarction (one), early death (four), and miscellaneous causes (two). IL-2 at 1 mg/m2 IV for five days is associated with moderate toxicity, but a dose of 0.5 mg/m2 is tolerable for outpatient administration. Three partial responses (PR) and one minor response (MR) lasting 1 to 17+ months have been observed in 12 patients with ML and CLL evaluable for response. One additional MR was observed in a patient with melanoma. IL-2 deserves further study in patients with ML and CLL.
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PMID:Phase II trial of outpatient interleukin-2 in malignant lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and selected solid tumors. 278 39

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and beta-interferon (beta-IFN) are cytokines with profound immunobiological effects on T-cell and natural killer (NK) cell activity; IL-2 also induces lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell cytotoxicity in humans. Both lymphokines induce antineoplastic activity against several refractory tumors. This Phase I study of 50 patients assessed the toxicities, maximally tolerated dose (MTD), effects on certain immune effector cells, pharmacokinetics of IL-2, and development of antibodies to the combination of subcutaneously administered IL-2 and intravenously administered beta-IFN. Fever was common. Indomethacin reduced the incidence and severity of fever and was necessary to prevent it from becoming dose-limiting. Hypotension occurred but never required pressors or produced complications. Constitutional symptoms, local skin toxicity at the site of IL-2 injection, generalized desquamation, eosinophilia, nausea, and vomiting were also observed. One patient had reversible renal dysfunction. Two patients experienced drug-related dyspnea without evidence of capillary leak syndrome; neither required intubation. Fluid retention and cardiotoxicity were not observed. The MTD was 5 x 10(6) U/m2 s.c. of IL-2 and 2 x 10(6) U/m2 i.v. of beta-IFN when given in combination. Enhancement of in vivo NK cell cytotoxicity and proliferation of T4+, T8+, and NK cells occurred. In vivo induction of LAK cell cytotoxicity was observed in three patients. Four patients developed nonneutralizing anti-IL-2 IgG antibodies, but none developed antibodies to beta-IFN. Peak IL-2 serum levels typically occurred 4 h following drug administration. Serum levels were within a factor of 3 of the peak level in the period studied, 1-6 h postinjection. No complete responses occurred. One patient with rectal cancer and one with transitional cell carcinoma each had a partial response, and 13 other patients (5 with renal cell, 4 with colorectal, and 4 other cancers) had stable disease. Induction of NK cell cytotoxicity was seen more commonly in patients with stable disease than in those with progressive disease. Combined administration of these agents is feasible with acceptable toxicity, and Phase II trials are warranted.
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PMID:Phase I trial of recombinant interleukin-2 and recombinant beta-interferon in refractory neoplastic diseases. 278 53

A twenty-seven-year-old 25 weeks gestation female was admitted with recurrent symptoms of nausea, vomiting and epigastric pain. She was diagnosed as left diaphragmatic hernia by chest X-ray film, CT and esophago-gastrography. During operation, a left central tendon defect was observed, and was 3.5 cm in diameter. The margin of the defect was smooth and round. It was associated with diaphragmatic eventration. The small intestine and transverse colon were herniated into the left thoracic cavity. The central tendon defect was closed with direct mattress sutures and was reinforced by overlap-technique of the diaphragm. To our knowledge, this type of defect has not been described previously in Japan. Diaphragmatic hernia in pregnancy is very rare, and presents abdominal pain, vomiting and dyspnea. Usually the diagnosis is achieved by chest X-ray film. However, esophago-gastrography should be added, if the diagnosis could not be confirmed by chest X-ray film. Conservative management is reported to bring high mortality, therefore, prompt surgical repair is advisable.
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PMID:[A case of congenital diaphragmatic hernia due to left central tendon defect in pregnancy]. 279 5

Sulfasalazine has been used for a decade in the United Kingdom for treating rheumatoid arthritis. There is now considerable experience with its adverse reaction profile and the incidence of serious events. In the initial weeks of treatment minor side effects are common, especially upper gastrointestinal problems and nausea. Therapy is thus usually introduced slowly and enteric coated tablets are preferred. In 20-30% of patients treatment is discontinued due to an adverse reaction. Most of such reactions occur within 3 months of starting therapy, are trivial, and are self-limiting after withdrawal of the drug. Potentially more serious adverse reactions include leukopenia, rash, abnormal liver function tests, and dyspnea. These reactions also reverse after treatment is stopped. Side effects leading to drug withdrawal after 1 year of therapy are unusual.
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PMID:Adverse reactions to sulfasalazine: the British experience. 257 30

Nonspecific symptoms are common in dialysis patients but few methods are available to measure their severity and their response to alteration in dialysis therapy. To determine the clinical features and measure the severity of the most important symptoms in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, 97 dialysis patients were interviewed, 63 of whom were reinterviewed 1 year later. For comparison 82 transplant recipients were also interviewed. The six most important symptoms in dialysis patients (using the product of the patient's perception of severity and prevalence) were tiredness, cramps, pruritus, dyspnea, headaches and joint pain. The symptoms were long-standing, occurred frequently, with little difference in prevalence between hemo- and peritoneal dialysis patients, and were often unrelated to a hemodialysis session. For each symptom, several dimensions of severity were assessed including frequency, duration, effect on sleep, daily living, activity, subjective quality of life and necessity for drug therapy. Often these dimensions did not correlate with patient's perception of severity. For each symptom these items were combined to give an aggregate score with a range 0-10. Interobserver reproducibility for each symptom score was greater than or equal to 0.7 but intraobserver reproducibility was poor for 3 symptoms, because of the fluctuating nature of the symptoms. Construct validity was demonstrated by finding a significantly worse distribution of aggregate scores for tiredness, cramps, pruritus, dyspnea and nausea/vomiting in dialysis compared to transplant patients. Aggregate scores changed little after 1 year's follow-up in stable dialysis patients but significant improvement in the aggregate scores for tiredness, dyspnea and nausea/vomiting were observed in 14 patients after successful transplantation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Clinical features and severity of nonspecific symptoms in dialysis patients. 306 60

Almitrine bismesylate is a chemoreceptor agonist which has been shown to improve arterial blood gas values in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, possibly through better ventilation/perfusion matching. On these basis, long term studies were undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic activity of almitrine bismesylate in COPD. We report here the overall results of 4 studies: a 6 months double blind placebo controlled study on clinical and biochemical data in 200 patients. a 12 months double blind placebo controlled study on clinical and hemodynamic data in 15 patients. a 12 months open study on clinical and biochemical data in 108 patients. a 52 months follow-up including therapeutic gap in 8 patients. Almitrine bismesylate group showed significant improvement of PaO2 and PaCO2 levels as compared with placebo group; this was found after 6 months of treatment and persisted after 12 months of treatment. 75% of almitrine treated patients were considered as responders, i.e. improved PaO2 and PaCO2 levels by at least 5 mmHg (0.665 KPa). Almitrine bismesylate groups showed significantly decreased dyspnea scores, received significantly less hospital care for acute decompensation or pulmonary infection and showed no significant change in hemodynamic parameters. After 20 months treatment interruption, patients showed progressively impairmed blood gas levels. Almitrine bismesylate ws well tolerated; nausea was occasionally observed and usually disappeared. Paresthesia was observed in some patients with identified predisposition. Altogether, these studies showed long term efficacy and acceptability of almitrine bismesylate in COPD patients with chronic respiratory failure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Long term studies on almitrine bismesylate in COPD patients. 309 67

A method of random sampling was applied to 10 CRI patients to analyze the results of 24 hemodialyses with acetate solution for dialysis (35 mmol/l) and 34 hemodialyses with bicarbonate solution for dialysis (35 mmol/l). Significant reduction of complications like headache, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, dyspnea, extrasystole was observed in bicarbonate dialysis. The concentration of mean molecular uremic toxins was decreased from 5.75 +/- 0.84 mmol/l in acetate dialysis up to 2.63 +/- 0.21 mmol/l in bicarbonate dialysis. The content of intracellular potassium returned to normal. The concentration of serum cholesterol was decreased from 5.6 +/- 0.4 up to 4.8 +/- 0.2 mmol/l. These data indicated a favorable effect of bicarbonate dialysis on intracellular metabolism. Preliminary data did not confirm the normalizing effect of bicarbonate dialysis on the development of uremic osteopathy.
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PMID:[Bicarbonate hemodialysis in the therapy of chronic kidney failure]. 317 34

To investigate the pacemaker syndrome (PS) presenting a mixture of signs and symptoms (syncope, presyncope, nausea, dyspnoea, vertigo, loss of physical fitness, congestive heart failure) and related to ventricular pacing, the authors measured cardiac output (CO), peripheral blood pressure (PAP) and peripheral resistance (PR) during continuous atrial and/or ventricular pacing in two groups: patients with and without PS. In both groups a significant decrease in CO was found between atrial and ventricular pacing. A significant difference between the two groups was found in the degree of PAP drop which was significant in the PS group, in the group without PS insignificant. On the other hand, the PR increase at ventricular pacing was in the PS group insignificant, in the symptomless group significant. It is concluded that ventricular pacing causes a CO decrease due to loss of normal atrial transmission. Hypotension in PS patients is connected with an atrial reflex that inhibits normal vascular tone.
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PMID:The pacemaker syndrome: a haemodynamic complication of ventricular pacing. 323 5

Experimental and clinical experience with compounds containing antimony have shown that the trivalent compounds are generally more toxic than the pentavalent ones. APT can cause severe pain and tissue necrosis and is therefore not given by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. APT has the actions and uses of AST, but it is less soluble and more irritating than the sodium salt which is therefore more suitable for intravenous use. Trivalent antimony compounds are toxic when used topically. Adverse effects are similar for all trivalent compounds, and include nausea, vomiting, weakness and myalgia, abdominal colic, diarrhoea, and skin rashes, including pustular eruptions. Hypersensitivity reactions also occur. Respiratory symptoms include cough, dyspnoea, and chronic lung changes. Cardiotoxicity is the most important and may produce arrhythmias, myocardial depression and damage, Stokes-Adams attacks, heart failure, and cardiac arrest. Hepatic damage and necrosis, as well as blood dyscrasias, may occur. Toxic effects on the kidney may follow chronic use. Continuous treatment with small doses of antimony may give rise to symptoms of subacute poisoning, similar to those of chronic arsenic poisoning, due to accumulation of antimony in the body, especially if trivalent compounds are used, because of their long biological half-lives. Reproductive disorders and chromosome damage have been reported; antimony compounds are, therefore, potentially toxic to reproduction and have mutagenic, and oncogenic potential. Antimony compounds should, therefore, not be used during pregnancy or in the presence of hepatic, renal, or heart disease. Pentavalent antimony preparations especially the organic compounds, together with non-metallic synthetic preparations, such as the diamidines, have now replaced APT for use in leishmaniasis. Because of the toxicity of antimony compounds, investigations have been undertaken to reduce their adverse effects by combining them with chelating agents. These preparations appear to have reduced the toxic effects of antimony without affecting the efficacy of the preparations. Liposome-encapsulated antimony products have, more recently, been shown to be much less toxic because of the reduced dose of the antimony compound required for effective therapy. The historical uses of antimony were based on the belief that the topical and systemic adverse effects, for example, skin eruptions and diarrhoea and vomiting, were signs that the condition being treated was responding by being brought to the surface to relieve congestion at the diseased area. There is no evidence in topical use, but there is evidence that such use can cause severe reactions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Toxicity of antimony and its compounds. 330 36


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