Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Biological response modifiers (BRMs) have greatly modified the immunotherapy of tumors. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) has brought about metastasis regression in some cases of malignant tumors, however, when given systemically, it results in high toxicity. More recently, the subcutaneous administration of IL-2 (combined with alpha-interferon, alpha-IFN) seems to be capable of offering the same chances of therapeutic response, but this time with a lower level of toxicity. The Authors report an evaluation of toxicity in 22 patients treated with a combination of IL-2 + alpha-IFN i.m. with or without chemotherapy. The side-effects present in the majority of cases were: fever, diarrhea and asthenia. Approximately 50% of the patients had nausea/vomiting, mucositis, skin rashes, and slight leukopenia. The following side-effects were noted to a much lesser degree, thrombocytopenia, alterations in hepatic and dizziness and cystitis. Only one patient reached 4th degree toxicity, with mucositis, asthenia and skin rash. All the other patients received the treatment without suspensions for toxicity. Biological evaluations will enable us to determine in the future, the cases which can benefit from therapeutic intensification and thus it would seem opportune at this time to use therapy with acceptable toxicity.
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PMID:Evaluation of toxicity in 22 patients treated with subcutaneous interleukin-2, alpha-interferon with and without chemotherapy. 128 42

The safety of cefaclor advanced formulation (cefaclor AF) was evaluated in 3,272 patients participating in 11 controlled clinical trials in comparison with cefaclor (2,210 patients) for a variety of infectious illnesses. Daily doses of cefaclor AF ranged from 500 to 1500 mg, with a mean duration of treatment of 8.1 days (range 1-18 days). There were no significant differences between the cefaclor AF- and cefaclor-treated groups in the frequency of adverse events by body system for all events reported. The majority of adverse events related to therapy were mild and transient. Severe adverse events occurred in 2.1% of the cefaclor AF group and 2.7% of the cefaclor group. The most frequently reported adverse events for cefaclor AF were diarrhoea (3.4%), headache (3.2%), nausea (2.5%) and vaginal moniliasis (2.5% of females). Drug-related adverse events led to early discontinuations in 1.7% of cefaclor AF-treated patients and 1.6% of cefaclor-treated patients. Overall, there were few significant differences in the frequency of adverse reactions between older and younger patients. Notably, elderly patients reported significantly less diarrhoea and fewer hypersensitivity-type reactions. There were, however, more therapy discontinuations due to adverse effects in patients aged 65 years or older than in those less than 65 years of age. Many of the discontinuations were thought to be unrelated to therapy. Alterations in laboratory values in patients treated with cefaclor AF were similar to those seen with other beta-lactam antibiotics. The comprehensive data indicate that cefaclor AF is a safe therapeutic option for a variety of common bacterial infections.
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PMID:Comprehensive safety profile of cefaclor AF in respiratory, urinary tract and skin infections. 128 22

Primary soft tissue sarcoma of the retroperitoneum is a rare disease. A series of 11 evaluable adult patients with retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomas is reported. These patients were treated with complete surgery and adjuvant radiation therapy (total dose from 50 to 64 Gy) using an 18 MeV linear accelerator. After a median follow-up of 48 months (range, 6-84), 4 patients had a local-regional recurrence, 3 had distant metastases, and 4 died of progressive disease. Four-year estimated disease-free survival was 54.5% and overall survival was 70%. Treatment was well tolerated by most patients: 7 patients experienced moderate gastrointestinal toxicity, mainly nausea and diarrhea, during radiotherapy; 2 cases had weight loss > 15% at the end of the therapy; and chronic ileitis was observed in 2 cases. We conclude that adjuvant radiotherapy seems to reduce the incidence of local-regional recurrences in these patients. No radiation-induced irreversible injury was observed, but one young woman had amenorrhea after radiotherapy. Controlled clinical trials are warranted to define the role and effectiveness of adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy in retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomas.
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PMID:Surgical and adjuvant radiation therapy of resectable retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomas in adults. 129 34

An epidemic of food poisoning in human beings occurred in Tongxiang County, Zhejiang Province after eating mouldy rice contaminated with Fusarium and toxins. Continuous rainfall took place during the rice harvest season. The number of patients poisoned was 97, the rate of incidence was 58.8%. The incubation period was 10 to 30 minutes. The chief symptoms were nausea, dizziness, vomiting, chills, abdominal distension, abdominal pain and diarrhea. The fungi isolated from the mouldy rice were predominantly Fusarium heterosporum and F. graminearum. T-2 toxin was found in the mouldy rice and the highest content was 420 ppb.
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PMID:[Food poisoning caused by mouldy rice contaminated with Fusarium and T-2 toxin]. 129 6

The results of treatment of 19 cases of inoperable squamous cell tumors of the head and neck are discussed. The treatment schedule used three drugs: 100 mg/m2 cisplatin at day 1, 25 mg/m2 methotrexate, intravenously, at day 4, and a total of 1000 mg/m2 5-fluorouracil, at days 4-8 of treatment, by continuous 120 hour-long infusion. Effect was observed in 15 patients. The treatment was effective in 47.4% (complete regression--in 1 case, morphologically confirmed and partial regression--in 8 cases), stabilization--in 26.3 (5 patients) and further progression--in 26.3% (5 patients). Among the untoward side-effects were nausea, vomiting, anorexia, stomatitis and diarrhea. The toxicity proved tolerable.
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PMID:[The efficacy of polychemotherapy with cisplatin, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil in inoperable forms of squamous cell cancer of the head and neck area]. 130 Jul 7

The aim of this 16-week trial was to determine the safety and efficacy of a step-care regimen of ramipril, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, from the minimal active dose (2.5 mg) in patients treated for mild to moderate hypertension. The trial was conducted by 102 general practitioners in 770 patients with mild to moderate hypertension. After a response rate to a 4-week placebo therapy of 9.1%, 57.0% of patients given active treatment with ramipril responded to daily doses of 2.5 mg. Ramipril 5 mg daily was effective in 55.6% of the remaining patients. There was no apparent statistically significant difference between the treatments with ramipril 10 mg or a combination of ramipril 5 mg + Lasix 20 mg daily (44.7% and 47.4% response respectively) in a 6-week double-blind arm of the study. In total, more than 90% of patients responded to treatment with ramipril by the end of the study. The incidence of adverse events was generally low, such as headache, cough, dizziness, asthenia, cramps and nausea. The incidence of cough appeared to be related both to the dosage of ramipril given and to outbreaks of influenza syndrome. Thirty-eight patients discontinued active treatment as a result of minor events such as cough, dizziness or diarrhoea, and one case each of myalgia and papular rash. There were no significant variations in laboratory parameters during the study, especially fasting blood glucose and apolipoprotein A1 and B. The results of this study provide evidence of the safety and efficacy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The French multicentre study of ramipril in ambulatory patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. 130 60

Evidence is presented which establishes that mackerel fed in captivity can, by relay from contaminated shellfish via sand eels, accumulate paralytic shellfish poisons (PSP) in the edible flesh at a level (250 micrograms saxitoxin equivalents per kg) similar to that in the contaminated shellfish. Data from ELISAs performed independently in two laboratories show that commercial mackerel fillets which have been associated with incidents of scombrotoxicosis contained 0.02-1.30 micrograms saxitoxin equivalents per kg, concentrations some two to four orders of magnitude below that normally detectable by the mouse bioassay. The doses, expressed as saxitoxin equivalents, administered inadvertently during volunteer testing of such fillets ranged up to 0.5 ng/kg bw, at least four orders of magnitude less than the fatal oral dose for an adult. The doses associated with the rapid induction of nausea/vomiting and/or diarrhoea, 0.11-1.0 ng/kg bw, could not be distinguished from the doses which failed to produce such symptoms in susceptible volunteers (up to 0.5 ng/kg bw). Factors that might explain this lack of correlation between dose (saxitoxin equivalents) and volunteer response are discussed along with previously published reports of PSP relay through the food web. It is suggested that the relay of algal toxins, particularly PSP, but possibly in combination with diarrheic shellfish poisons, may be responsible for scombrotoxicosis.
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PMID:Do saxitoxin-like substances have a role in scombrotoxicosis? 130 5

The chemistry, mechanism of action, antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosage and administration of clarithromycin and azithromycin are described. Clarithromycin and azithromycin are new macrolide antibiotics that are similar in structure to erythromycin. Compared with erythromycin, clarithromycin demonstrates increased activity against Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, Legionella pneumophila, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Chlamydia trachomatis. Clarithromycin also has in vitro activity against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and Toxoplasma gondii. Azithromycin has increased gram-negative activity compared with erythromycin, including activity against Haemophilus influenzae, while maintaining activity against gram-positive organisms. Azithromycin also has activity against sexually transmitted organisms including Chlamydia trachomatis. The pharmacokinetic profiles of clarithromycin and azithromycin are characterized by good oral bioavailability, excellent tissue penetration and persistence, and long elimination half-lives, which allow for once-daily or twice-daily dosing. Initial data show that clarithromycin and azithromycin are effective for the treatment of upper-respiratory-tract and lower-respiratory-tract infections and infections of the skin and skin structures. Azithromycin has been shown to be effective for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Clarithromycin and azithromycin have been used to treat MAC and Toxoplasma infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The most frequently reported adverse effects for both agents have been nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Oral formulations of clarithromycin and azithromycin have recently been approved by the FDA. Clarithromycin and azithromycin are new macrolide antibiotics that have potential advantages over erythromycin; however, the role of these agents will be better defined as results of more ongoing trials become available for evaluation.
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PMID:Clarithromycin and azithromycin: new macrolide antibiotics. 151 40

In two multicenter trials, lomefloxacin and cefaclor were compared as treatments for acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. In total, 522 adult outpatients were enrolled at 50 centers in the United States. Patients were randomized to treatment groups receiving either 400 mg lomefloxacin orally once daily (n = 259) or 250 mg cefaclor every 8 hours (n = 263) for 7-10 days. Both groups were comparable in terms of age, severity of exacerbation, smoking history, theophylline use, and baseline pathogens. The most common baseline pathogens were Haemophilus influenzae, found in 32% of patients in the lomefloxacin group and in 29% in the cefaclor group, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13% and 16%, respectively), Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis (12% and 13%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (10% in both groups). Bacterial eradication rates 1-4 days after the completion of treatment for all patients with baseline pathogens were 81.8% in the lomefloxacin group and 62.7% in the cefaclor group (p less than 0.001). Clinical success (disappearance or improvement of presenting signs and symptoms) was noted in 80.0% of patients in the lomefloxacin group and 64.7% in the cefaclor group (p = 0.002). Eradication rates for the subgroup of patients who had pathogens susceptible in vitro to both study drugs and who completed treatment were 97.1% for lomefloxacin and 84.6% for cefaclor (p = 0.002). Clinical success rates in this subgroup were 92.4% for lomefloxacin and 90.1 for cefaclor (p = 0.585). Treatment-related adverse events were reported for 7% of patients in the lomefloxacin group and 5% in the cefaclor group. The most common adverse events in both groups were nausea and diarrhea. Six patients were withdrawn from treatment with lomefloxacin and four from the cefaclor group because of adverse events. There was no clinical or laboratory evidence of theophylline interaction with either treatment. Once-daily oral administration of 400 mg lomefloxacin was an effective, well-tolerated alternative to 250 mg of cefaclor three times daily in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.
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PMID:Safety and efficacy of lomefloxacin versus cefaclor in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. 131 59

Lomefloxacin is a new fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent that has undergone extensive worldwide clinical evaluation. This report summarizes the safety and efficacy of lomefloxacin in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections, complicated urinary tract infections, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, and for prophylaxis during urinary tract surgery. The clinical data presented are an overview of all clinical studies conducted in the United States to date. The results have been derived from multiple studies in which patients received lomefloxacin or a comparative agent in either blinded or open-label studies. During the course of the clinical program in the United States, lomefloxacin has been compared with oral norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and cefaclor, as well as parenteral cefotaxime. In all instances, the once-daily oral administration of lomefloxacin was either equally effective or statistically significantly superior in clinical and/or bacteriologic efficacy to these comparative agents. In addition, the comparators were administered either two or three times per day, except in the surgical prophylaxis studies, in which single doses of each antibiotic were administered preoperatively. These results attest to the value of the convenience and simplicity of the oral dosing regimen for lomefloxacin. During the course of the clinical program, lomefloxacin was well tolerated, with most adverse events of mild to moderate severity. In general, the incidence of adverse events for patients and subjects receiving lomefloxacin was comparable to that observed in patients treated with comparator drugs. The most common adverse events were related to the gastrointestinal tract (nausea and diarrhea), the skin and appendages (photosensitivity), and the central nervous system (dizziness and headache). A sub-analysis of adverse events in the respiratory studies demonstrated that concomitant administration of lomefloxacin and theophylline does not increase the incidence of adverse events when compared to lomefloxacin alone. An additional sub-analysis also showed that the incidence of adverse events in elderly patients was similar to that in younger patients. The results of the U.S. clinical program indicate that lomefloxacin administered orally once daily is effective and well tolerated in a variety of infections of bacterial origin.
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PMID:The U.S. clinical experience with lomefloxacin, a new once-daily fluoroquinolone. 131 63


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