Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Interposition of the colon between the liver and diaphragm, ie. Chilaiditi's syndrome, visible during roentgenographic examination, has been described as an asymptomatic finding in adults of no clinical importance: it is occasionally symptom-producing in children. In mentally retarded adults, however, a unique syndrome commonly occurs, characterized by nausea, pain, vomiting, anorexia, distension, audible bowel sounds, and constipation: all are associated with three roentgenographic features of interposition. The symptoms respond to simple treatment and can be prevented by routine prophylactic measures.
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PMID:Symptom-producing interposition of the colon. Clinical syndrome in mentally deficient adults. 67 3

This small study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of lactulose syrup (Duphalac) in the management of constipation in forty-six patients with terminal illnesses. The daily dose of lactulose was titrated to meet the individual patients requirements and was found to be in the region of 20 to 30 mls twice daily, despite the almost universal administration of opiates as analgesics. The study lasted 21 days in each patient capable of completing the assessment. Constipation was relieved within a an average of 3 to 4 days, and of the 512 days observed, there were 203 days in which a bowel movement occurred. Of these motions 71% were recorded as easy to move, rather than hard (21%) of loose (8%). Faecal incontinence and nausea attributable to lactulose treatment were extremely rare. Therefore, lactulose appeared to be a useful treatment for constipation in the terminally ill patient.
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PMID:Management of constipation in terminally ill patients. 68 92

This study included a group of 50 women with amenorrhea-galactorrhea who were treated with bromocriptine (2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine). Forty-two of these patients ovulated, and 36 conceived within 8 months of treatment. The pregnancies of 30 women reached a duration of 20 weeks or longer following ovulation induced by bromocriptine. Except in 1 case which ended in 10-week spontaneous abortion, the pregnancies of 26 patients terminated in 24 single, one twin, and one triplet births. All of the 29 newborns were healthy, and no congenital malformations were detected. The main side effects during treatment were transient constipation and nausea. Following delivery, return to pretreatment status was noted in all patients, which supports the fact that bromocriptine is not a curative agent.
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PMID:Bromocriptine. Clinical experience in the induction of pregnancy in amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. 71 26

Results relative to long term treatment with Colestipol (a new resin sequestering bile acids) in 23 subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia, 12 with Type II A, 8 with Type II B and 3 homozygotes are reported. The patients had previously undergone treatment with clofibrate together with a hypocholesterolemic diet. After six weeks with placebo, the patients were given 15 g/die active drug for a period of 12 months and a double dose (30 g/die) for a successive period of 4 months. During the experimental trial the same hypocholesterolemic, isocaloric diet which had been followed during the previous hypolipidemic treatment was maintained. In the entire group taken as a whole, the total mean decrease was --56,9 +/- 15 mg/dl (P less than 0,01) after 12 months of 15 g/die Colestipol and --62,8 +/- 13 mg/dl (P less than 0,01) during the following 4 months with 30 g/die Colestipol. The difference between the two periods of treatment (15 g and 30 g/die) is not statistically significant. During the active drug treatment a slight but not statistically significant triglyceride increase was observed. The increase was most marked in the Type II B patients: the triglyceride variations in this group could be partly caused by slight variations in mean body weight. Starting from a mean basal value of 3,9 +/- 0,2 mg/dl, serum uric acid showed a significant increase which was maintained throughout the entire period of treatment, reaching a peak of 5,6 +/- 0,3 mg/dl (P less than 0,001) at the twelfth month. During the experimental trial no significant modifications were observed in the hematological routine analysis and liver functional tests, no malabsorption syndrome and no signs of toxicity were seen. Most frequent side effects were constipation, nausea, metheorism which, with the exception of four cases, which were withdrawn from the study, were reported as being transitory and mild. In conclusion, since Colestipol treatment significantly lowers cholesterol levels in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and does not manifest any toxicity or serious side effects, it can be used effectively in the long term treatment of this disease which is characterized by an elevated frequency of cardiovascular complications.
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PMID:[Long term treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia with Colestipol, a new anionic exchange resin (author's transl)]. 114 65

Results related to long term treatment with Colestipol (a new resin sequestering bile acids) in 23 subjects with familial hypercholesterolaemia, 12 with Type IIA, 8 with Type IIB and 3 homozygotes are reported. Patients were given 15 g/day active drug for a period of 12 months and a double dose (30 g/day) for a successive period of 4 months along with a low cholesterol, low saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat-rich diet. Mean cholesterol decrease was --42 +/- 18 mg/dl (P less than 0.05) after 12 months of 15 g/day Colestipol and --69 +/- 17 mg/dl (P less than 0.01) after the following 4 months of 30 g/day Colestipol. The difference between the two periods of treatment (15 g and 30 g/day was not statistically significant. A slight but not significant increase in triglyceride levels was observed. Serum uric acid showed a significant increase throughout the entire period of treatment. No malabsorption syndrome or signs of toxicity were seen. Most frequent side effects were constipation, nausea, and metheorism which, with the exception of 4 cases which were withdrawn from the study, were reported as being transitory and mild.
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PMID:Long-term effects of colestipol (U-26,597 A) on plasma lipids in familial type II hyperbetalipoproteinaemia. 120 Nov 45

Pain management, nutritional support, and psychosocial support are fundamental services that enhance patients' ability to cope with their cancer and its therapy. The common goal of symptom prevention mandates that each of these supportive services be provided to all patients throughout their cancer experience. Comprehensive cancer pain management begins with identifying the origin of all of the patient's pains and treating each one specifically. Pain prevention can be achieved through around-the-clock opioid administration with as-needed supplements for breakthrough pain and dose titration. Common narcotic side effects such as constipation and nausea also must be prevented. Successful opioid analgesia requires that patient and family concerns regarding addiction and tolerance be dispelled at the outset. Cancer pain prevention can be further optimized with the use of appropriate coanalgesics in response to the pathophysiology of the patient's pains. Cognitive and behavioral therapies may also be useful adjuncts to reduce both pain and suffering. Procedure-oriented pain control should be considered when systemic pharmacologic therapy does not provide adequate pain relief or is associated with intolerable side effects. The only absolute contraindications for pain-relieving procedures are untreatable coagulopathy and a decrease in mental status not related to medical pain management. Useful neurodestructive techniques include radiofrequency lesioning, cryoanalgesia, and chemical neurolysis with agents such as phenol, alcohol, and hypertonic saline. The most beneficial pain-relieving procedures and percutaneous cordotomy, spinal narcotics, celiac and hypogastric plexus ablation, spinal neurolysis, and epidural injection of steroids and hypertonic saline. Procedure selection depends on the cause of the pain and the patient's prognosis. Common indications for pain-relieving procedures include unilateral pain below the shoulder, upper abdominal visceral pains, pelvic visceral pain, perineal pain, vertebral body metastasis, discogenic pain, and spinal stenosis. As results of well-conducted scientific trials begin to appear in the literature, the indications for these procedures will be better understood, resulting in their more appropriate use. Principles of nutritional support in patients with cancer include an awareness of the problem of malnutrition and its impact on performance status, quality of life, prognosis, and treatment; identification of those patients at risk; prophylactic versus therapeutic intervention; and analysis and management of the specific impediment(s) to adequate nutrient intake and absorption. The primary goals for nutritional support in cancer patients are prevention of weight loss and maintenance of adequate protein status. Appreciation of practical issues of nutritional support will enable the practicing physician to achieve these goals using primarily oral nutrition options.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Supportive care in oncology. 128 50

200 cancer patients who were due to receive fractionated chemotherapy (cisplatin greater than or equal to 15, ifosfamide greater than or equal to 1.2 or etoposide greater than or equal to 120, all mg/m2 per day) for 5 days, entered a multicentre study. Patients were randomised single-blind to receive either prophylactic intravenous granisetron (40 micrograms/kg) or alizapride (4 mg/kg followed by 4 mg/kg at 4 and 8 h post-treatment) plus dexamethasone 8 mg. Granistron was superior to the combination in preventing nausea and vomiting (54% vs. 43% complete responders). The differences were in the cisplatin-treated group. The time to first episode of moderate to severe nausea was significantly longer in the granisetron group (P = 0.03). Dosing with granisetron was more simple, with over 85% of patients requiring only a single prophylactic dose. Fewer patients receiving granisetron experienced adverse events (48% vs. 62%, P = 0.047). The frequency of constipation was, as expected, significantly higher in the granisetron group. Extrapyramidal effects, which were not noted by any granisetron patient, occurred in 5.3% of comparator patients.
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PMID:A single-blind study of the efficacy and safety of intravenous granisetron compared with alizapride plus dexamethasone in the prophylaxis and control of emesis in patients receiving 5-day cytostatic therapy. The Granisetron Study Group. 132 Sep 7

Two randomised single-blind comparative studies were carried out in patients receiving 5-day fractionated chemotherapy. The first which has been reported previously [1] compared granisetron (40 micrograms/kg) (n = 103) with alizapride (12 mg/kg) plus dexamethasone (8 mg) (n = 94) while the second compared granisetron (40 micrograms/kg) (n = 143) with metoclopramide (7 mg/kg) plus dexamethasone (12 mg) (n = 141). Granisetron, unlike alizapride or metoclopramide is a specific 5-HT3 antagonist. The percentage of complete responders (patients with no vomiting and no worse than mild nausea) over the 5-day treatment period was higher for granisetron than for alizapride/dexamethasone (54% vs. 42.7%) (P = 0.121) or for metoclopramide/dexamethasone (46.8% vs. 43.9%). The percentage of complete responders in the first 24 h was significantly higher for granisetron (90.3%) than for alizapride/dexamethasone (65.9%) (P less than 0.001) or for metoclopramide/dexamethasone (87.4% vs. 67.9% P less than 0.0001). Granisetron was also superior to both comparators in terms of the time to the first episode of moderate/severe nausea and to less than a complete response. Significantly fewer granisetron patients were withdrawn than in the alizapride/dexamethasone group (P = 0.017) or the metoclopramide/dexamethasone group (P less than 0.0001). In both studies more comparator patients were withdrawn due to lack of efficacy and adverse events. Significantly fewer granisetron patients experienced adverse events than in either the alizapride/dexamethasone group (47.6% vs. 61.7%, P = 0.047) or the metoclopramide/dexamethasone group (60.8% vs. 77.3% P = 0.003). Granisetron patients experienced a significantly higher occurrence of constipation in both studies (10.7% vs. 3.2% and 12.6% vs. 2.8%). Headache and fever were also more frequent in the granisetron group, while extrapyramidal effects, reported by 5.3% of the alizapride/dexamethsone group and 20.6% of the metoclopramide/dexamethasone group, were not reported in any granisetron patients.
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PMID:Fractionated chemotherapy--granisetron or conventional antiemetics? The Granisetron Study Group. 132 Sep 16

Granisetron is a new serotonin-receptor antagonist with considerable activity in preclinical models and early clinical studies against drug-induced nausea and vomiting. In a randomized, double-blind trial, two dose levels of granisetron were compared with regard to their efficacy and safety if given to patients receiving emetogenic chemotherapy with or without cisplatin. The present paper reports the Dutch experience with 125 patients included in this international trial. The two dose levels (40 and 160 micrograms/kg given once i.v. prior to chemotherapy) were equally effective in preventing acute emesis and nausea (within the first 24 h); in the group receiving cisplatin doses of 50 mg/m2 or more, 39% of patients had a complete response (no vomiting and mild nausea at most), with a complete response rate of 82% in the patients receiving moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. Sixty-three percent of patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy with a complete response within 24 h lost this response during the next 6 days, as did 20% of the other patients. Headache was the most frequently reported adverse event (18%), followed by constipation (6%) and dizziness (4%). All adverse events were mild and occurred equally frequently at both dose levels. Granisetron at 40 micrograms/kg i.v. given once is effective in the prevention of acute chemotherapy-induced emesis and nausea, in particular in patients receiving moderately emetogenic therapy.
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PMID:A randomized trial of two doses of granisetron in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced emesis. Dutch results within a multinational study. 133 30

Pseudo-obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract is a rare disorder of impaired gastrointestinal motility. The more common symptoms of pseudo-obstruction in the infant or child include dysphagia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, abdominal pain, and constipation. The majority of children have symptoms within the first year of life. Chronic cases of pseudo-obstruction are associated with neuropathic or myopathic changes in other parts of the body. Bladder dysfunction and neurological problems have been reported. The diagnosis of pseudo-obstruction is based on history, physical examination, radiographic studies and motility studies. Advances in medical technology have facilitated the identification of abnormal motility patterns in children. Therapy for pseudo-obstruction is primarily supportive. The use of motility agents has been unsuccessful in treating pseudo-obstruction. Nutritional and antibiotic therapy are the mainstays of treatment. Nursing interventions, patient/family education and advances in home care technology have improved the quality of life for children with pseudo-obstruction. Small bowel transplantation offers hope for the future.
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PMID:Pseudo-obstruction in children. 137 52


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