Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hypercalcemia is one of the most critical complications in patients with malignancy. We have used salmon calcitonin for treatment of hypercalcemia in these patients. The subjects were 49 hypercalcemic patients with various malignancies. Synthetic salmon calcitonin (SCT) was provided by Teikoku Hormone Mfg. Co. Ltd., Japan and 40 MRC units was administered twice daily i.m. or i.v. In 21 of 33 cases treated i.m. and in 8 of 16 cases treated i.v., a serum Ca decrease of more than 2 mg/dl was observed. The hypercalcemia was managed in 59% of patients within 6 days after initiation of the treatment and effective duration was 14 days. On the other hand, ineffective cases treated with a combination of SCT and glucocorticoid or SCT and mithramycin were managed in 57% and 86%. The 50% survival time was 69 days in the effective cases and 23 days in the uncontrolled cases (P less than 0.01). The main causes of death in the ineffective cases were renal insufficiency. On the other hand, in the effective cases, improvements of renal function were observed. The side effects were slight, and nausea and flushing were observed in 24% of cases. These data indicate that SCT is effective for lowering the serum Ca level in hypercalcemic patients with malignancies.
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PMID:[Synthetic salmon calcitonin as an antihypercalcemic agent for hypercalcemia in malignancy]. 374 Aug 62

Hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA, NSC 95580) has been demonstrated to be the most effective of the known and studied polar-planar compounds at inducing differentiation in a wide variety of leukemic and nonleukemic cell lines. Although HMBA demonstrated no antineoplastic activity in preclinical testing, it was selected for clinical development on the basis of its potent differentiating capabilities in vitro. In this phase I study, HMBA was administered as a continuous five-day infusion every 3 weeks to patients with advanced cancer. Twenty-three patients received 35 evaluable courses at doses that ranged from 4.8 to 33.6 g/m2/d. Dose-limiting toxicities included renal insufficiency, a hyperchloremic metabolic acidemia/acidosis, and CNS toxicities manifested by agitation and delirium, which progressed to coma in one patient who developed concomitant renal insufficiency. Moderate myelosuppression, mucositis, nausea, and vomiting were also observed. The pharmacokinetics of HMBA best fit a single compartmental model and disposition is primarily by renal elimination. Renal excretion of HMBA and of the primary metabolite, 6-acetoamidohexanoic acid, together account for the disposition of 66% to 93% (mean, 74%) of the infused drug. Based on this trial, the maximum tolerated and recommended phase II doses for HMBA administered on this schedule are 33.6 and 24 g/m2/d, respectively. However, since steady-state HMBA levels at these doses were in the range of 1 to 2 mmol/L, only approaching the lower limit demonstrated for in vitro differentiating effectiveness, and because of evidence suggesting that the exposure period is an important variable in the induction of differentiation, additional studies examining longer periods of infusion are warranted.
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PMID:Phase I and pharmacologic study of hexamethylene bisacetamide in patients with advanced cancer. 378 6

In outlining the pathology of various electrolyte metabolism abnormalities in cancer patients we considered the main clinical points between pathologies and emergency treatment. In regard to sodium (Na+) metabolism, one pathologic state that requires our attention is hypernatremia. Hypernatremia is accompanied with dehydration and is due to water loss, vomiting, diarrhea and renal insufficiency. One of the major causes of this condition is lack of the antidiuretic hormone due to intracranial metastasis of the tumor. When hypernatremia becomes severe, it is accompanied with circulatory failure, muscular asthenia, disorientation, convulsions, coma and other cerebral symptoms. Treatment consists of replenishing the water content by infusion of electrolyte solutions which should be carefully conducted after complete diagnose of the severity of the patient's pathological condition. Hyponatremia, like sick cell syndrome, is observed relatively frequently in cancer patients. When the serum Na level falls markedly, it induces cerebral edema and causes disorders of consciousness. The major treatment consists of providing both water and sodium supplements. Hyperkalemia is observed at the time of renal insufficiency, tissue lesions, vomiting, and diarrhea. When serum potassium level rises, it causes bradycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or cardiac arrest. It is important to diagnostically apprehend the severity of this condition using EKG and determining the serum K1+ level. For emergency treatment injection of calcium gluconate is very effective. Hypokalemia is often manifested by the loss of intestinal fluids due to diarrhea or during administration of diuretic agents. Clinical symptoms include neural paralysis but emergencies occur relatively infrequently. K C1 injections are used in treating this condition. Hypercalcemia is manifested in cancer patients during hyperparathyroidism. Its clinical symptoms include lassitude, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, and renal dys-function, leading to neural symptoms in severe cases. The main treatment consists of injection of physiological saline solution and administration of calcitonin, mithramycin. Hypocalemia is manifested during renal insufficiency, lack of vitamin D, and hypothyroidism. In classic cases it causes tetanic spasms. Injection of calcium is an effective treatment but since during tetanic spasms alcalosis may easily occur, treatment should only be provided after obtaining a complete understanding of the patient's condition. The pathological conditions described above can not be said to specific to cancer but it should be kept in mind that one of their main causative factors is the involvement of mechanism which produces ectopic hormones from cancerous tissues.
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PMID:[Electrolyte metabolism and emergency]. 688 72

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a pesticide commonly used as a wood preservative. Although exposure has been well controlled in large chemical manufacturing plants, over-exposures have recently becomes a concern at smaller facilities. Five cases of PCP poisoning, including two fatalities, occurred in two small wood preservative plants. All cases presented with fever, including severe hyperpyrexia in two; an increased anion gap and renal insufficiency were noted in two others. PCP may uncouple oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in a poisoning syndrome characterized by hyperpyrexia, diaphoresis, tachycardia, tachypnea, abdominal pain, nausea, and even death.
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PMID:Pentachlorophenol poisoning. 688 56

Methyl-GAG was given to 71 patients with advanced malignancies as a weekly brief infusion (30-120 minutes) or as a biweekly 24- or 120-hour infusion. Mucositis (stomatitis, pharyngitis, esophagitis, and, rarely, inflammation of other mucous membranes) was dose-limiting in all three schedules. Generalized fatigue, malaise, myalgia, dysesthesias, nausea, and vomiting were more frequent in the brief-infusion schedule. Myelosuppression was mild and not dose-related. Fever, ventricular arrhythmias, skin rash, tender swelling of the palms, neuropathy, and paralytic ileus were rare. Toxicity was increased in patients with renal insufficiency or "third-space" fluid but was not increased by hepatic dysfunction. Cumulative and overlapping toxicity was evident only in the weekly schedule. Higher doses of methyl-GAG were tolerated when the duration of infusion was increased. The recommended doses for phase II trials are 700 mg/m2 weekly as a 1-2 hour infusion, 850 mg/m2/24 hours biweekly, and 1500 mg/m2/120 hours biweekly. Therapeutic effects were seen in all schedules and included objective responses in colon carcinoma (one of 13 patients), renal cell carcinoma (one of nine), and Hodgkin's lymphoma (one of two) and objective improvements in esophageal carcinoma (one of three), endometrial carcinoma (two of two), and leiomyosarcoma (one of three).
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PMID:Methyl-GAG in patients with malignant neoplasms: a phase I re-evaluation. 705 68

Continuous oral dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) treatment (7-15 g/day) was given to 3 patients with amyloidosis of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), 3 patients with idiopathic amyloidosis, and 7 patients with secondary amyloidosis. The nephrotic syndrome and various degrees of renal insufficiency were the major clinical manifestation in all case. Renal function was used as the main parameter for evaluation of therapy. DMSO treatment for 7-16 months produced no effect in the FMF patients and in the patient with idiopathic amyloidosis; they all ran the predictable clinical course of their disease and either died of cardiac failure or have been maintained on chronic haemodialysis. In the 7 patients with secondary amyloidosis an unequivocal improvement of renal function was observed following 3-6 months of DMSO treatment. It was shown by a 30-100% rise of creatinine clearance and a decline in proteinuria. This new equilibrium has been maintained as long as DMSO was administered. No serious side effects of DMSO wee encountered. Mild nausea and an unpleasant breath odour were the patients' main concern. We conclude that a therapeutic trial with oral DMSO is warranted in all patients with secondary amyloidosis. This treatment is unpleasant but bears no exceptional risks. It may significantly prolong life, though its effect on amyloid deposits themselves is doubtful.
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PMID:Prolonged dimethylsulphoxide treatment in 13 patients with systemic amyloidosis. 714 95

It is accepted that the laboratory and clinical so-called "transurethral resection syndrome" reflects passage into the body of a large fraction of the water used to perfuse the field of endoscopic resection. The major complete syndrome (dyspnoea, nausea, hypertension, raised central venous pressure, bradycardia then pulmonary oedema, cerebral oedema, cardiovascular shock and renal insufficiency) is rare: 1.5 per cent of cases of transurethral resection of the prostate in the literature, 0.6% in a series of the last 300 resections performed by the authors (2/300). Also was it not possible to hope for a complete physiological study of sufferers from this complication. Nevertheless, it may be considered that all transurethral resections of the prostate may be associated with similar movements of water to a minimal extent. In order to attempt to demonstrate this, the authors studied in a series of 19 patients pre- and postoperative blood volumes by a radio-immunological technique using pre- and postoperative serum albumin haematocrits. In this short series, patients who had undergone a short endoscopic resection (35 minutes on average) of a small adenoma (13 grams on average) with a mean irrigation of 10 litres of water rendered isotonic by the addition of glycocolle, without any transfusion or infusion being necessary during the course of the resection, the conclusion was simple: no variation in blood volume was demonstrated. Is the physiopathological hypothesis advanced to explain this phenomenon false? And is the problem in fact one of peroperative septicaemia?
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PMID:[Transurethral resection of the prostate (turp syndrome), myth or reality? Analytic studies using a radioactive isotope method (author's transl)]. 721

In this review we went through eight placebo-controlled clinical trials of the folic acid antagonist methotrexate in the treatment of bronchial asthma. The studies, which differ in their methods and findings, are reviewed critically. Some studies seem to give documentation of methotrexate as an effective drug in reducing the corticosteroid requirements in patients with chronic corticosteroid-dependent asthma. Adverse effects are wellknown from the use of methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and include nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, transient increases in liver enzymes, alopecia and stomatitis. Rare but potentially life-threatening adverse effects are interstitial pneumonitis, opportunistic infections, bone marrow- and renal insufficiency. The role of methotrexate in patients with chronic corticosteroid-dependent asthma still needs to be clarified. Practical guide-lines in treating asthma patients with methotrexate are suggested.
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PMID:[Methotrexate treatment of patients with prednisolone dependent bronchial asthma]. 764 10

This is a review of 15 cases of severe pre-eclampsia with HELLP syndrome. The patients presented with severe arterial hypertension, the main symptoms were epigastric and right hypochondrial pain that were present in 66.6% of the patients, nausea and vomit in 53.8% and edema of the lower limbs in 60%. The most frequent age was in the third decade of life, and in the third trimester of pregnancy for all the cases, the main complication was acute renal insufficiency in 80% on the patients. Three patients died (20%), the causes were ARDS, brain hemorrhage and hypovolemic shock.
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PMID:[Severe pre-eclampsia and HELLP syndrome]. 782 29

Because of the high rate of spontaneous remission, treatment of membranous nephropathy with prednisolone and chlorambucil is still controversial. The aim of this study was to give this therapy only to those patients at risk of developing renal insufficiency and to test the efficacy of a low-dose therapeutic regimen. Seventeen patients with more than 10 g protein excretion per day (mean 16.9) and/or a deterioration in renal function (mean serum creatinine, 162 mumol/l) were included. Serum total protein, serum lipids, proteinuria, serum creatinine, and blood pressure were measured, along with the diuretic and antihypertensive medication. The observation time before the start of treatment was 27 +/- 27 months. Steroids were given during months 1, 3, and 5 (methylprednisolone 3 x 500 mg intravenously) prednisolone 0.5 mg/kgBW daily per os for 1 week, then tapered by 0.1 mg/kg BW/week for 1 month). Chlorambucil was given during months 2, 4, and 6 at a dose of 0.12 mg/kgBW daily. At the end of treatment proteinuria had significantly decreased (mean of all patients, 7.8 +/- 1.4 g/d) in all patients. Six months after the end of treatment proteinuria was significantly lower than at baseline in 14 of 17 patients. Hypoproteinemia and hyperlipidemia had improved; diuretic and antihypertensive medication were reduced. Elevated serum creatinine decreased in 7 of 9 patients (pretreatment, 227 +/- 39 mumol/l; 6 months, 176 +/- 28 mumol/l). Nonresponders with respect to serum creatinine responded with respect to proteinuria. Regarding adverse effects, two patients complained of dyspepsia while taking steroids; during chlorambucil treatment two patients experienced nausea and lack of appetite, and one developed leukopenia (1600/microliters).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Low-dose prednisolone/chlorambucil therapy in patients with severe membranous glomerulonephritis. 804 74


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