Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In 1978/1979 the Medicines Commission of the German Medical Profession received 5196 spontaneous reports on adverse drug reaction (ADRs) from physicians, manufacturers, intensive hospital monitoring and pharmacists. The total number of ADRs reported by the physicians was 1867. The symptoms mostly seen were skin reactions, blood dyscrasia, drug dependence, liver damage (including jaundice), nausea, vomiting and hyper-or hypotension. Drug dependence was reported more frequently than was the case in the years before due to a large number of reports dealing with only one anorectic drug. The drugs most frequently associated with ADR reports were analgesics, psychotropic agents, antiarrhythmic agents, agents used against gastrointestinal disorders, sedatives and hypnotics, antibiotics and radioopaque media. The frequency of drugs involved roughly corresponded to the sales figures in 1979 with radioopaque media over-represented and some groups not or under-represented (e.g. vitamins, antitussives and vasoprotective agents). The spontaneous reporting system does not provide absolute figures on the frequency of ADRs. Its main purpose is to draw the attention of the physicians to an increase in the rate of ADRs for a certain drug or to rare but extremely severe incidences.
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PMID:[Spontaneous reports on unwanted drug effects in the years 1978-1979]. 730 35

The high rate of benzodiazepines (BZD) consumption has been repeatedly confirmed by epidemiological surveys in most major western world countries. In a recent french survey 7% of chronic users of BZD (use in 5/7 days for the last 12 months) were found the general population (17% in the population aged above 65). It has been suggested that the high BZD consumption rate could be related to dependence. The existence of BZD dependence was described in the early sixties with very high dose of chlordiazepoxide but it has become a real concern for the medical community since the late seventies with increasing number of reports of withdrawal symptoms. The extend of the actual rate of withdrawal symptoms at BZD tapering is still very controversial and according to the different studies it varies from 39 to 90%. The between studies difference in parameters such as: the patient populations (psychopathology, treatment duration), the type of tapering employed (duration, nature of the medical and psychological support) and the used operational criteria for withdrawal definition most likely explain this wide variation in the rate of occurrence of withdrawal manifestations. According to the American Psychiatric Association Task Force on Benzodiazepine Dependence, Toxicity and Abuse three type of pathological events can happen after treatment discontinuation: rebound, withdrawal syndrome and recurrence. The rebound consists in the early and transitory reappearance of the anxiety symptoms pre-existing to the treatment but in an exacerbated from; the withdrawal syndrome associates the resurgence of the pre-existing anxiety symptoms and new symptoms as sensory disturbances (metallic taste, hyperosmia, cutaneous exacerbated sensitivity, photophobia...) nausea, headache, motor disturbance in some rare cases depersonalization, paranoid reaction, confusion, convulsion. Rebound or withdrawal syndrome appearance delay varies from hours to few days according mostly to compounds elimination half-life. The relapse develops later with a progressive reapparance of pre-treatment symptoms. In practice recurrence and rebound are often difficult to isolate: recurrence can follow rebound. Different operational criteria of definition for this different entities have been proposed but there is a need for a consensual position. The treatment length, a high daily dose, an alcohol abuse history, a dependent personality and the severity of the psychopathology of the patients have been found to be predictive for the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms. Behavioural therapies (individual or in group) have been proposed with some success for the treatment of benzodiazepine dependence; drug treatment with carbamazepine or imipramine have demonstrated some efficacy. Other drug as buspirone clonidine having anxiolytic properties have not demonstrated efficacy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Dependence on benzodiazepines. Clinical and biological aspects]. 791 65

A questionnaire study was performed in order to clarify knowledge and practice of cancer pain treatment in Norway: a 10% random sample of Norwegian physicians received a questionnaire. Of 800 correctly addressed questionnaires, 549 were returned and 306 were analyzed after exclusion of those doctors who never treated cancer patients. Their knowledge of the principles and methods of cancer pain treatment were evaluated with 8 multiple-choice and 13 open questions. Their ability to apply their knowledge in practice was evaluated by analyzing their suggested treatment of 3 illustrative case histories. The results show that only 25% of Norwegian physicians treating cancer patients appear to have knowledge of the principles of the World Health Organization analgesic ladder strategy. However, the majority (86%) of the physicians were prepared to prescribe strong opioid analgesics, but in the illustrative cases where strong opioids were appropriate, 44% prescribed too small doses and often preferred neuroleptic drugs instead of increasing the analgesic to a sufficiently large dose. Patients needing step two on the analgesic ladder, in Norway often (49%) are treated with a standard combination of paracetamol and codeine. However, when a strong opioid is required, 50% of Norwegian physicians forget to continue the paracetamol or NSAID component. Two hundred seventy-four (97%) of the physicians said they experienced problems when treating cancer pain, ranging from inefficient pain relief (52%) to side effects of opioid analgesics (32%), most often sedation, in combination with nausea and constipation. Only 13% of the physicians had a correct understanding of opioid drug dependence. As many as 72% of Norwegian physicians thought their education in cancer pain treatment was insufficient.
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PMID:Treatment of cancer pain in Norway. A questionnaire study. 806 87

The difference between the development of physical dependence on morphine administered via Alzet miniosmotic pumps as well as syringe injection (twice a day) at fixed times was examined in conscious dogs. Physical dependence was quantified by polygraphically measuring naloxone-precipitated withdrawal signs on the day 8 after the subcutaneous implantation of miniosmotic pumps which supplied morphine at 1-5 mg/kg/day. Morphine plasma levels were maintained at 19-25 and 41-47 ng/mL during infusions of morphine at doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg/day, respectively. Morphine withdrawal was characterized by hyperactivity, biting, digging, tremors, nausea, hyperthermia, and increased wakefulness, and by electroencephalographic (EEG) activation in the amygdala and hippocampus, followed by dissociation of the EEG in the cortex (fast wave) from that in the limbic (slow wave) system, increased heart rates, and raised blood pressure. These morphine withdrawal signs seemed to be more severe than those exhibited in animals that had received syringe injections of morphine at the same doses. These results suggest that the use of miniosmotic pumps in dogs may be a very convenient and useful method for both evaluating drug dependence and studying its mechanisms.
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PMID:Physical dependence on morphine induced in dogs via the use of miniosmotic pumps. 829 85

The serotonin 5-HT3 receptor is unique among the seven serotonin receptor "families" that have been recognized so far. It functions not as a G-protein coupled but as a direct ion channel gated receptor. Because of the varied neural functions linked to this receptor, intensive research interest has developed in recent years about its basic and clinical pharmacology, which are summarized in this review. Some new agonists and many new antagonists have been developed. These agents have a useful role as selective pharmacologic research probes, and some of them can be used therapeutically as potent and selective anti-nausea and antiemetic drugs, particularly in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy treatment or general anesthesia procedures. Potential applications of these agents include the treatment of some behavioral disorders in mental disease, drug addiction, and certain types of pain syndromes.
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PMID:5-HT3 receptors: pharmacologic and therapeutic aspects. 878 44

A once-daily dose of PF-402 60 mg and twice-daily doses of sustained-release morphine sulfate tablets (MSC) 30 mg were repeatedly administered in cancer patients in a cross-over design. Their plasma concentrations were measured, and the pharmacokinetics of PF-402 and MSC were compared. A total of 7 subjects in the study were taking commercially sold MSC 60 mg daily (30 mg twice-daily) prior to the study and had "mild" or "no" pain at the start of the study. Plasma morphine concentrations of PF-402 were longer-lasting and showed smaller fluctuations than those of MSC. Repeated administration of the same daily doses of PF-402 and MSC produced similar plasma concentrations for periods of 24 hr and 12 hr. PF-402 administration produced a Tmax of 7.4 hr, and an MRT of 9.8 hr, all longer than those with MSC. Moreover, no significant difference was observed in AUC between PF-402 and MSC. These results indicate that the sustained-release characteristics of PF-402 are superior to those of MSC, and that the two drugs have a similar absorption pattern. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were observed in all 7 subjects and consisted of 6 incidences of constipation, 3 incidences of nausea, 2 incidences of itching, and 1 incidence each of vomiting and somnolence. Study drug administration was not discontinued in any case due to ADRs, and no symptoms indicating physical or psychic drug dependence were observed. No abnormal laboratory values related to study drug administration were observed. The above results indicate that once-daily administration of PF-402 is sufficient to maintain plasma concentrations obtained with twice-daily administration of MSC. As the safety of PF-402 is confirmed, the drug is considered to be a useful sustained release formulation in the treatment of cancer pain.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetics of PF-402, sustained-release morphine capsule, in cancer patients with pain]. 972 Mar 27

Marijuana is one of the most popular drugs legally admitted for general sale in many countries. To consider it safe and unlikely to develop drug dependence is abusive. The use of marijuana as a herbal medication is being widely discussed in literature. The most promising effect of delta-9-etrahydrocannabinol seems to be observed in the case of nausea, following cancer chemotherapy. Despite its positive action on the human organism, marijuana smoking has been shown to exert adverse effects on the cardiovascular system causing well-tolerated tachycardia and/or hypotension. We also observed that marijuana abuse was associated with an increased risk of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. The report presents a case of young healthy white subject suffering from paroxysmal atrial fibrillation following marijuana intoxication. The abuse of this substance was the most possible and identifiable risk factor for observed paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.
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PMID:Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in a young female patient following marijuana intoxication--a case report of possible association. 1120 44

Alcohol intoxication is the principal drug addiction in many countries of the world. It affects all age groups, both sexes and almost all social groups. Mortality associated with acute alcohol poisoning on its own is exceptional, but it can be an important factor if it coexists with recreational drugs. It is directly responsible for more than half of traffic accidents. Diagnosis is easy by means of anamnesis and clinical examination, and can be confirmed by determining the level of ethanol in the bloodstream. Supportive care is the best therapy in order to protect the patient from secondary complications. Methanol, or alcohol fuel, is used as a solvent, and can also be found as an adulterant of alcoholic drinks. Poisoning by oral means is the most frequent. Oxidized in the liver through dehydrogenase enzyme alcohol, toxicity is due to its metabolites, formaldehyde and formic acid. The clinical picture basically consists of cephalea, nausea, vomiting, hypotension and depression of the central nervous system. The optic nerve is especially sensitive, with total and irreversible blindness as a possible result. Ethylenglicol is used as a solvent and as an antifreeze; toxicity is due to an accumulation of its metabolites. The clinical picture includes symptoms that are held in common with methylalcohol intoxication. Kidney failure due to tubular necrosis and the deposit of oxalate crystals can occur.
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PMID:[Alcohol intoxication]. 1281 81

Tobacco use is one of the leading preventable causes of death in developed countries. Since existing medications are only partially effective in treating tobacco smokers, there is a great need for improved medications for smoking cessation. It has been recently proposed that cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonists represent a new class of therapeutic agents for drug dependence, and notably, nicotine dependence. Here, we will review current evidence supporting the use of this class of drugs for smoking cessation treatment. Pre-clinical studies indicate that nicotine exposure produces changes in endocannabinoid content in the brain. In experimental animals, N-piperidinyl-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methylpyrazole-3-carboxamide (rimonabant, SR141716) and N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (AM251), two cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonists, block nicotine self-administration behavior, an effect that may be related to the blockade of the dopamine-releasing effects of nicotine in the brain. Rimonabant also seems efficacious in decreasing the influence of nicotine-associated stimuli over behavior, suggesting that it may act on two distinct neuronal pathways, those implicated in drug-taking behavior and those involved in relapse phenomena. The utility of rimonabant has been evaluated in several clinical trials. It seems that rimonabant is an efficacious treatment for smoking cessation, although its efficacy does not exceed that of nicotine-replacement therapy and its use may be limited by emotional side effects (nausea, anxiety and depression, mostly). Rimonabant also appears to decrease relapse rates in smokers. These findings indicate significant, but limited, utility of rimonabant for smoking cessation.
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PMID:Blocking cannabinoid CB1 receptors for the treatment of nicotine dependence: insights from pre-clinical and clinical studies. 1848 33

The primary aim of this study was to investigate significance of the naltrexone in the management of drug addiction. A total of 108 opiate dependent drug abusers were included in this study. The study period was May 2004 to March 2008. They were selected consecutively on the basis of defined criteria. Of 108 drug abusers, 81.48% were literate and rest was illiterate. In current profession, majority of them (81.48%) had no work; rests were businessmen (13.89%) or service holders (4.63%). Nearly 72.22% drug abusers were young adult had age 20-30 years and 71.30% were married. About 94.00% of them were using heroin. In lifetime, sixty percent of them had been using heroin or phensedyl for 3-5 years, 25.93% for 6-10 years and 13.89% for 11-16 years. Hundred percent of the studied drug abusers had habit of smoking cigarettes. Most of them were heterosexual having sex with multiple partners. Nocturnal insomnia, difficulty falling asleep or hypersomnia, antisocial and/or irritable behaviors were found among them. About 75.00% of them had altered food habit and 45.37% had sexual dysfunction. Eighty-four percent wives of the participant drug abusers were found to be literate and 84.42% had only household works in their profession. Illiteracy was found to be higher in mother (26.85%) than that of father (24.07%). Majority of the father were found to be businessmen and mothers had household works only. Their family income was Tk.10,000-20,000 monthly. In addition, disharmony among family members, illicit drug users and mental illness were found in 81.48%, 23.15% and 21.30% families respectively. About 95.00% of the participant drug abusers were completed treatment schedule with naltrexone successfully and rest were dropout. Only 45.37% of them were developed adverse effects; of which, insomnia, nausea vomiting, headache, abdominal cramps and nervousness were found to be notable. Finally, 75.93% participant drug abusers were relapsed and rest (25.49%) was remained abstinent from illicit drug use. Multiple factors were found to be liable to use illicit drugs once more. Of them, unpleasant emotional state, sexual dysfunction, friend's incitement, family disharmony and interpersonal conflict were found to be crucial important. All of the participants were acknowledged essentiality of the Naltrexone in the treatment of drug addiction. They expressed their satisfaction during treatment including abstinent period. Most of them had not physical or mental craving for illicit drugs as before treatment and did not mention sleep disturbance or other mental troubles. They had normal food habit, increased appetite and taste preference in abstinent period. However, naltrexone could play important role in demand reduction but has no effect to enhance self-efficacy. In combination with self-efficacy enhancement therapies, it would be effective in the treatment of opioids dependence.
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PMID:Naltrexone in drug addiction: significance in the prevention of relapse. 1937 33


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