Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Detailed interview information was obtained from 515 women in connection with a Swedish-Norwegian comparative investigation on possible connections between use of oral contraceptives (OCs) and premenopausal breast cancer. The Norwegian data was reviewed to ascertain the occurrence of mild side effects and how these side effects influence the use of OCs. In all, 63% of those interviewed had used OCs. Side effects were reported in 55.6% of the 629 use periods. The most frequent side effects were weight gain (17.8%), irregular menses (14.0%), nausea (8.9%) and tender breasts (8.8%). The respondents also reported depression, aggressiveness, decreased libido, headache and migraine. Differences in side effects were found for various OCs depending upon quantity of hormone and composition. Estrogen related complaints such as tender breasts and weight gain increased in relation to the estrogen dosage in the pill. Users of the minipills often reported irregular menses. Reports of psychological problems were relatively evenly distributed but users of minipills reported significantly lower rates of side effects for such complaints. Although relatively few use periods were reported for triphasic pills, these also appear to be involved with a number of side effects. 2 out of 5 women who began taking OCs reported that they had to stop because of side effects. This reduced the value of OCs as an effective and easily obtainable means of contraception.
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PMID:[Mild side-effects of oral contraceptives]. 320 63

A 5-year-old boy presented with a 1-year history of frontal headache and nausea. Neurological examination showed left abducens nerve palsy, left facial nerve palsy, Bruns' nystagmus, and wide-based gait. Neuroimaging demonstrated a lesion with moderate linear enhancement in the left cerebellar hemisphere. He underwent stereotactic needle biopsy. The histological diagnosis was well-differentiated small lymphocytic type of malignant lymphoma. Following the biopsy, the patient underwent radiotherapy (whole brain 30 Gy, local 20 Gy). He has been in good condition for more than 5 years. The long-term survival is attributable to the absence of aggressiveness and the good response to radiation of this subtype of malignant lymphoma.
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PMID:Primary malignant lymphoma of the brain in childhood. 963 39

Bochdalek hernia is a congenital defect of the lateral posterior or vertebral lumbar region on the left side of diaphragm, caused by a foramen on it, through which viscera displaced from abdomen to pleural cavity. This is a pathology frequently observed in just born babies but rarely found in teenagers or adults. In world medical history only 100 cases in adults have been reported. We present a case of a 16 years old male patient with moderate mental retard who suddenly suffered from convulsions; this was the second time it happened, because the first time (3 months ago) he showed the same clinical picture but with no further complications. Anticonvulsives were administered to the patient in the general hospital E.R., but immediately after that, he had uncontrollable and frequent nausea, vomits and regurgitation when eating. He also showed anxiety, desperation and even aggressiveness. He was also very thirsty. Three days later the patient was transferred to the gastroenterology unit where we observed the symptoms above mentioned. He also presented sialorrhea. After many difficulties to find the diagnosis due to the patient's problems to communicate even with his relatives help, we decided to perform a surgery. Endoscopy showed total occlusion of the gastric-esophagus connection and an abdomen and thorax X-r showed an abnormal image with hydro aerial level in nearly all left hemithorax. The surgical findings showed total displacement of stomach, spleen, part of the small intestine, ascending colon, cecum, appendix and proximal part of transverse colon to the left hemithorax. Surgical corrections were performed. The clinical case resolved satisfactorily. The late age of the patient, type and treatment are discussed.
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PMID:[Bochdalek's hernia in a mentally retarded adolescent]. 1771 98

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) belongs to the group of herpes viruses. It can cause a number of nervous system infections. We present 2 of 4 patients seen recently suffering from acute meningoencephalitis, in which VZV proved to be the infectious agent. The first patient was a 57-year-old woman with headache, vomiting, and sudden aggressiveness. The second patient was a 60-year-old man with headache, nausea, and vomiting. Neither patient had skin eruptions usually associated with VZV reactivation, nor had either recently suffered from herpes zoster. Both patients had in their cerebrospinal fluid a lymphocytic pleocytosis, a decreased glucose concentration and and an elevated protein concentration. The patients recovered within a few days of starting intravenous treatment with aciclovir 10 mg/kg 3 times daily for one week. Recent literature shows that VZV is a common pathogen in meningoencephalitis and is probably underestimated as a putative cause of this condition. VZV meningoencephalitis usually has a mild course, but serious complications have been reported. Patients present with headache and usually fever. Nuchal rigidity and meningeal irritation are not always present. Since the advent of the PCR technique, VZV has been readily demonstrable. Anti-viral treatment is advised despite the lack of placebo-controlled studies, and may be combined with prednisone.
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PMID:[Meningoencephalitis caused by varicella zoster virus]. 2035 22

A 28-year-old man with headache, nausea, and decreased vision had a left parieto-occipital tumor demonstrated by MRI. Postradical resection and histology showed a solid mass containing rhabdoid cells, 10% positive for Ki-67. After completing chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatment, follow-up MRI revealed possible tumoral recurrence. Cerebral F-18 FDG PET revealed no pathologic uptake, and C-11 methionine PET showed a pathologic low uptake. These findings suggested recurrence of a mild-grade aggressiveness tumor, which was confirmed by a second neurosurgical resection.
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PMID:Assessment of rhabdoid brain tumor by F-18 FDG PET, C-11 methionine PET and MRI. 2222 62

Antineoplastic chemotherapy (CT) represents the systemic treatment of malignant tumors. It can be used alone or combined with surgery and / or radiotherapy. The cytotoxic agents used in chemotherapy work on both cancerous cells and noncancerous cells of the body, generally resulting in high toxicity. The biological aggressiveness of chemotherapy particularly affects rapidly replicating cells, such as those of the digestive tract, resulting in adverse effects that impair food intake, leading to compromised nutritional status and which may lead to cachexia. The main toxic effects of chemotherapy in the gastrointestinal tract include nausea, vomiting -these are the most frequent- constipation, diarrhea, xerostomia, mucositis, dysphagia and anorexia. Given the high frequency of such effects, nutritional intervention should be an integral part of cancer treatment, to maintain and/or improve the patient's nutritional status and reduce or minimize the side effects caused by treatment. Accordingly, the goal of this study is to review dietetic conduct in the process of caring for patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.
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PMID:Dietetic management in gastrointestinal complications from antimalignant chemotherapy. 2256 5

Black henbane (BH) or Hyoscyamus niger, has been used as a medicine since last centuries and has been described in all traditional medicines. It applies as a herbal medicine, but may induce intoxication accidentally or intentionally. All part of BH including leaves, seeds and roots contain some alkaloids such as Hyoscyamine, Atropine, Tropane and Scopolamine. BH has pharmacological effects like bronchodilating, antisecretory, urinary bladder relaxant, spasmolytic, hypnotic, hallucinogenic, pupil dilating, sedative and anti-diarrheal properties. Clinical manifestations of acute BH poisoning are very wide which include mydriasis, tachycardia, arrhythmia, agitation, convulsion and coma, dry mouth, thirst, slurred speech, difficulty speaking, dysphagia, warm flushed skin, pyrexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, blurred vision and photophobia, urinary retention, distension of the bladder, drowsiness, hyper reflexia, auditory, visual or tactile hallucinations, confusion, disorientation, delirium, aggressiveness, and combative behavior. The main treatment of BH intoxicated patients is supportive therapies including gastric emptying (not by Ipecac), administration of activated charcoal and benzodiazepines. Health care providers and physicians particularly emergency physicians and clinical toxicologists should know the nature, medical uses, clinical features, diagnosis and management of BH poisoning.
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PMID:Black henbane and its toxicity - a descriptive review. 2538 92

Weight loss and its long-term maintenance are mainly based on dietary measures and regular physical activity. There are currently no weight-loss medications with a favourable harm-benefit balance. Bupropion is chemically related to certain amphetamines, while naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist. A fixed-dose combination of these two drugs has received marketing authorisation in the European Union for obese patients and for over-weight patients with other cardiovascular risk factors. In five placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind trials, the patients, weighing on average between 100 kg and 105 kg (average body mass index 36 kg/m2), the naltrexone + bupropion combination was associated with an average weight loss of a few additional kilograms compared with placebo, after 6 months or one year of treatment. There are no post-trial follow-up data to show whether or not the patients regained their lost weight after treatment discontinuation. One trial including more than 8900 patients examined the effect of the naltrexone + bupropion combination on the freauency of maior cardiovascular events, but poor handling of an interim analysis undermined the validity of the final results. The known adverse effects of bupropion consist of potentially severe neuropsychiatric disorders such as aggressiveness, depression and suicidal ideation, and also allergic reactions, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Misuse and excessive consumption have been reported. In trials in obese or overweight patients, the naltrexone + bupropion combination caused sometimes severe neuropsychiatric disorders, including seizures, cognitive impairment, dizziness, anxiety, sleep disorders and psychotic symptoms. In clinical trials, the combination led to an increase in blood pressure compared with placebo, and also an excess of cardiac arrhythmias. About half of patients who took naltrexone + bupropion experienced gastrointestinal disorders such as nausea, vomiting and constipation. The naltrexone + bupropion combination is subject to many pharmacokinetic interactions, as well as pharmacodynamic interactions leading to additive convulsive or hypertensive effects, or undermining the action of antihypertensive drugs. A teratogenic effect of bupropion cannot be ruled out. In practice, given the limited effect of the naltrexone + bupropion combination on weight loss (a few kilograms), along with the lack of evidence supporting a persistent benefit or a decrease in the clinical complications of obesity, there is no reason to expose patients to its many potentially severe adverse effects.
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PMID:Naltrexone + bupropion (Mysimba). Too risky for only modest weight loss. 2659 24

Cannabinoids (CBs) from Cannabis sativa provide relief for tumor-associated symptoms (including nausea, anorexia, and neuropathic pain) in the palliative treatment of cancer patients. Additionally, they may decelerate tumor progression in breast cancer patients. Indeed, the psychoactive delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), non-psychoactive cannabidiol (CBD) and other CBs inhibited disease progression in breast cancer models. The effects of CBs on signaling pathways in cancer cells are conferred via G-protein coupled CB-receptors (CB-Rs), CB1-R and CB2-R, but also via other receptors, and in a receptor-independent way. THC is a partial agonist for CB1-R and CB2-R; CBD is an inverse agonist for both. In breast cancer, CB1-R expression is moderate, but CB2-R expression is high, which is related to tumor aggressiveness. CBs block cell cycle progression and cell growth and induce cancer cell apoptosis by inhibiting constitutive active pro-oncogenic signaling pathways, such as the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase pathway. They reduce angiogenesis and tumor metastasis in animal breast cancer models. CBs are not only active against estrogen receptor-positive, but also against estrogen-resistant breast cancer cells. In human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive and triple-negative breast cancer cells, blocking protein kinase B- and cyclooxygenase-2 signaling via CB2-R prevents tumor progression and metastasis. Furthermore, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), including tamoxifen, bind to CB-Rs; this process may contribute to the growth inhibitory effect of SERMs in cancer cells lacking the estrogen receptor. In summary, CBs are already administered to breast cancer patients at advanced stages of the disease, but they might also be effective at earlier stages to decelerate tumor progression.
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PMID:Future Aspects for Cannabinoids in Breast Cancer Therapy. 3098 91