Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Various signalling pathways can confer the malignant phenotype to a cell. Ras signalling proteins have been found to play an important role in controlling cellular growth. Raf-1 is a protein kinase that exerts its effects downstream of Ras in the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and is thus likely to be crucial in the development of the malignant phenotype. BAY 43-9006 is an orally administered selective inhibitor of Raf-1 and the first compound of its class to enter clinical trials. This article describes the early clinical data of BAY 43-9006 in patients with advanced, refractory solid tumours. To date, over 60 patients have been treated as part of four Phase I clinical trials. Dose levels have ranged from 50mg once weekly to 200mg twice-daily in continuous administration. The drug has been generally well tolerated with no dose limiting toxicity yet encountered. The more common toxicities have involved the gastrointestinal tract (diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramping) and the skin (pruritus, rash, cheilitis). Pharmacokinetic evaluations have found BAY 43-9006 to have considerable interpatient variability. However, there seems to be an increase in C(max) and AUC values with increasing dose. There is no clear effect of food on bioavailability. Splitting the dose to twice-daily administration has shown increases in C(max) and AUC values but is also accompanied by considerable interpatient variability.
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PMID:BAY 43-9006: early clinical data in patients with advanced solid malignancies. 1236 52

An international meeting focused on farnesyl transferase inhibitors (FTIs) was held in Naples on 12 April 2002 and represented an excellent occasion to gather most of the clinicians who are involved in clinical trials with this class of new compounds. Oncogene mutations of the gene occur in approximately 30% of all human cancers and may have prognostic significance. Ras protein is normally synthesized as pro-Ras, which undergoes a number of post-translational modifications, among which farnesylation. Processed Ras proteins localize to the inner surface of the plasma membrane, and function as a molecular switch that cycles between an inactive and an active form. When in its active form, either because of the binding of an external ligand or because of its constitutive activation, Ras activates several downstream effectors, such as Raf-1, Rac, Rho and phospahtidylinositol-3 kinase, which mediate important cellular functions, such as proliferation, cytoskeletal organization and others. Interruption of the Ras signaling pathway can be basically achieved in three ways, i.e. inhibition of Ras protein expression through antisense oligonucleotides, prevention of Ras membrane localization and inhibition of Ras downstream effectors. SCH 66336 (lonafarnib; Sarasar), a tricyclic orally active FTI, has been the first of these compounds to undergo clinical development. The toxicity profile observed in all completed phase I/II trials has been fairly similar, since gastrointestinal tract toxicity (nausea, vomiting and diarrhea) and fatigue have generally qualified as dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). One objective response in a patient with pretreated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was observed. Based on preclinical evidence of synergism between lonafarnib and other anticancer agents, combination studies have been started. In particular, lonafarnib has been combined both with gemcitabine and with paclitaxel in phase I studies. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and myelosuppression represented DLTs in these studies, in which an encouraging clinical activity was observed, in particular in pancreatic carcinoma (lonafarnib plus gemcitabine) and in NSCLC (lonafarnib plus paclitaxel). R115777 (Zarnestra) is another novel orally active FT competitive inhibitor in clinical development. Single-agent phase I/II studies have shown that myelotoxicity and neurotoxicity are DLTs, intermittent schedule is probably better tolerated and antitumor activity is observed particularly in breast cancer. A number of combination studies with R115777 have been carried out; taken as a whole, they show that the drug can be easily combined with several anticancer agents and phase III trials exploring the potential benefit from incorporation of R115777 into active chemotherapy regimens are indicated. Two other FTIs are in an earlier stage of clinical development. BMS-214662 has the main advantage of being cytotoxic in nature, rather than cytostatic; in particular, potent antitumor activity in human tumor xenografts of different histologies has been reported. A major drawback for BMS-214662 is its severe gastrointestinal and liver toxicities, which prevent the achievement of adequate systemic exposures following the oral route. L-778,123 has been stopped in its clinical development due to its severe and unexpected toxicity, i.e. grade 4 thrombocytopenia and significant Q-T prolongation.
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PMID:Farnesyl transferase inhibitors: a major breakthrough in anticancer therapy? Naples, 12 April 2002. 1239 76