Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Electrolyte disturbances in leukemia can be the result of the disease process or drug therapy. One group of electrolyte abnormalities is related to the stage of the leukemic process. Included in this group are newly diagnosed patients who may show elevated serum potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium--a result of their release from malignant cells after cytotoxic therapy or their accumulation due to urate nephropathy. Patients in remission usually have normal serum electrolyte concentrations, but acute leukemia patients during relapse may have hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, and hypomagnesemia. This imbalance may be related to cellular uptake of these electrolytes in the presence of inadequate dietary intake. Other factors contributing to electrolyte derangements, and related to the leukemic process, include hyponatremia and hypochloremia secondary to the SIADH, hypokalemia in acute monocytic or acute myelomonocytic leukemia due to lysozyme-induced tubular damage, hypercalcemia possibly secondary to leukemic infiltration of bone or parathyroid glands (with PTH release), or production of a PTH-like substance by leukemic cells. Nonspecific factors related to the disease process which may aggravate the electrolyte imbalance include gastrointestinal loss through nausea, vomiting, and malnutrition. The drug-related electrolyte abnormalities include cyclophosphamide- and vincristine-induced SIADH; decreased serum sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium concentrations as a result of polymyxin B nephrotoxicity; hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia secondary to amphotericin B; hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and hyperphosphaturia due to L-asparaginase-induced hypoparathyroidism; hypokalemia due to a nonreabsorbable anion effect of antibiotics in the distal tubule or changes in membrane ionic transport of all cells by large doses of antibiotics. Electrolyte disturbance in leukemia thus have a multifactorial pathogenesis which can best be delineated according to the stage of the leukemic process and the drugs being used. Recognition of the cause or causes in a particular patient is essential for an effective approach to management. This review emphasizes the need for routine measurement of serum electrolytes during all phases of the leukemic process.
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PMID:Electrolyte and acid-base disturbances in the management of leukemia. 26 90

Acute effects were assessed from exposure to a common volatile compound of microbial origin, the aliphatic alcohol 1-octen 3-ol (octenol). Twenty-nine volunteers performed symptom reports, measurement of blink frequency by electromyography, measurement of the eye break-up time, vital staining of the eye, nasal lavage, acoustic rhinometry, transfer tests and dynamic spirometry. Subjects were during 2h in random order exposed to either 10mg/m(3) of octenol or clean air as control. During octenol exposure subjective ratings of smell and nasal irritation were increased together with higher nasal lavage biomarker levels of eosinophil cationic protein, myeloperoxidase and lysozyme. Also eye irritation and blinking frequency were increased together with throat irritation, mild dyspnoea after 1-h but not after 2-h, and a small decrease in vital capacity. Ratings of headache and nausea were also increased. Atopics did not have more reactions due to exposure, whereas females experienced more smell and mucosal irritation. Thus, there were both subjective and objective signs of mild mucosal irritation of eyes and airways together with symptoms of headache and nausea.
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PMID:Acute effects of 1-octen-3-ol, a microbial volatile organic compound (MVOC)--an experimental study. 1870 86