Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This interim analysis of the efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin is based on case reports of 1241 adult patients treated primarily in the USA; 1026 were suitable for analysis of drug efficacy. The daily dose ranged from 500 to 1500 mg, the unit dose being given every 12 h. Duration of treatment ranged from 5 to 211 days (mean 12.6 days). In 1046 cases of infection the site was the urinary tract (514), skin structures (218), respiratory tract (215), blood (43), bone (27), abdomen (13), gastrointestinal tract (13) and pelvis (3). Organisms responsible for infection were Escherichia coli (282), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (238), Staphylococcus spp. (149), Streptococcus spp. (107), Klebsiella spp. (105), Proteus spp. (97), Haemophilus spp. (71), Enterobacter spp. (58), Salmonella spp. (44), Citrobacter spp. (27), and Serratia spp. (22). Signs and symptoms of infection resolved in 84% of all cases; 12.6% improved and 3.4% failed to improve. Pathogens were eradicated in 91% of urinary tract infections and in 87% of all other cases of infection combined; superinfections occurred in 5.3% of all patients. At the four-week follow-up 83% of patients with urinary tract infection still had sterile urine. Adverse reactions during therapy were considered probably or possibly drug-related in 166 patients. Nausea (37), diarrhea (25), vomiting (15), nervousness (28), and rash (9) were the most frequent; in only 2% of cases was it necessary to discontinue the drug. Results of ophthalmologic studies were generally unremarkable. Occasional elevations of SGOT and SGPT, and rare elevations of NPN related to ciprofloxacin therapy were seen.
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PMID:Clinical experience with ciprofloxacin in the USA. 294 Dec 86

An open clinical study of ofloxacin in respiratory tract infections was conducted with patients receiving daily doses of ofloxacin 300 mg, 400 mg or 600 mg. The duration of treatment was 6 to 14 days for 70% of the patients. Ofloxacin was effective in 668 of 828 patients analysed (80.7%). Of 293 patients with upper respiratory infections, the efficacy rate was 85.3%. In 535 cases with lower respiratory infections, ofloxacin was effective in 78.1%. It is noteworthy that a 70% efficacy rate was obtained in 80 cases with intractable chronic diffuse panbronchiolitis primarily associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. There was no difference in the efficacy rate among various daily doses or severity of infections. In lower respiratory infections the bacterial eradication rate was 80.9% for Gram-positive aerobes (including 80% for Staphylococcus aureus and 76.5% for Streptococcus pneumoniae) and 72.1% for Gram-negative aerobes (including 92.6% for Klebsiella pneumoniae, 32.3% for P. aeruginosa and 97.1% for Haemophilus influenzae). Although there were no serious cases, adverse reactions were noted in 46 of 843 patients (5.5%): 38 cases (4.5%) of gastrointestinal tract reactions (nausea, vomiting, heartburn, etc.), 4 cases (0.5%) of hypersensitivity (e.g. eruption) and 19 (2.3%) of central nervous system effects (e.g. dizziness). Abnormal changes in laboratory findings included elevations of AST (1.2%) and ALT (1.5%) and an increase in the eosinophil count (1.7%).
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PMID:Ofloxacin in respiratory tract infection. A review of the results of clinical trials in Japan. 332 61

Ciprofloxacin is a new quinolone antimicrobial agent with activity against a broad spectrum of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci. The efficacy and safety results of 80 clinical studies of the oral form of ciprofloxacin are reported. Drug safety was assessed in 2236 courses in 2203 adult patients treated primarily in the United States. Data from 1676 courses were suitable for analysis of drug efficacy. The unit dose for most patients ranged from 250 mg to 750 mg (median, 500 mg), usually given every 12 hours. The duration of treatment ranged from 3 to 231 days (median, 10 days). Predominant among 1722 infections were those of the urinary tract (43%), skin structures (29%), and respiratory tract (19%); the remainder were bone and joint infections (5%), bacteremias (2%), and intra-abdominal (1%), gastrointestinal (1%), and pelvic infections (less than 1%). Signs and symptoms of infection resolved in 79% of all cases; a further 15% improved, and 5% failed to improve. Pathogens were eradicated in 89% of urinary tract infections and persisted in 5%; 80% of patients still had sterile urine at the 3-to 6-week follow-up. In 81% of nonurinary tract infections, pathogens were eradicated; they persisted in 11%, and superinfection occurred in less than 5%. After treatment, 89% of the 2253 causative organisms were eradicated and 2% were reduced to clinically insignificant counts; 8% persisted. Of 411 isolates of P. aeruginosa, 77% were eradicated, as were 97% of 421 Escherichia coli and 80% of 248 Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Also eradicated were 95% of 166 Klebsiella, 96% of 139 Proteus mirabilis, 100% of 20 other Proteus, 94% of 123 Enterobacter, 100% of 68 Haemophilus influenzae, 96% of 49 Citrobacter, 89% of 45 Serratia, 95% of 41 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 91% of 43 Salmonella, 100% of 38 Morganella morganii, and 100% of 35 Providencia isolates. Adverse reactions were judged probably or possibly drug-related in 14.8% of courses; drug treatment had to be stopped prematurely in 3.5%. The most frequent reactions were gastrointestinal complaints (chiefly nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting), metabolic disorders (elevated SGOT, SGPT, serum creatinine, or blood urea nitrogen), and nervous system effects (dizziness, light-headedness, restlessness, tremor, and headache). Crystalluria, judged to be related to ciprofloxacin, occurred in two patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:A survey of clinical experience with ciprofloxacin, a new quinolone antimicrobial. 336 Sep 68

Ofloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, was given to fifty patients (29 females and 21 males) aged 25 to 86 years with urinary tract infection or prostatitis. Urinary tract infections usually chronic and associated with urologic anomalies, included 17 cases of cystitis and 19 cases of pyelonephritis. 14 patients had prostatitis. Pathogens recovered from the urine were 26 E. coli, 2 Citrobacter, 4 Proteus mirabilis, 2 Klebsiella, 2 Enterobacter, 3 Serratia, 3 Staphylococcus aureus and 11 Pseudomonas. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of ofloxacin ranged from 0.03 to 0.12 microgram/ml (mean MIC: 0.6 microgram/ml) for 27 nalidixic acid-sensitive strains, and from 0.25 to 4 micrograms/ml (mean MIC: 1 microgram/ml) for 26 nalidixic acid-resistant strains. Ofloxacin was given as single drug therapy in all patients, in a daily dosage of 200 mg b.i.d. in 46 patients and 400 mg b.i.d. in 4 patients, for 7 to 97 days (average 40 days). Follow-up after discontinuation of treatment was 3 to 12 months. Therapeutic results were as follows: 17 cures for the 17 cystitis patients, 17 cures and 2 failures by relapse for the 19 cases of pyelonephritis, and 11 cures, 1 failure by persistence of bacteriuria and failure by relapse for the 14 cases of prostatitis. Digestive disorders, i.e. nausea, abdominal pain, constipation, occurred in 6 patients and required withdrawal of the drug in 1; candidiasis of the tongue was recorded in one patient and digestive complaints with neuropsychic disorders in another. Two patients had short-lived, moderate leukopenia with granulopenia and one had transient worsening of preexisting renal failure. Hepatic tolerance was good.
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PMID:[Ofloxacin (RU 43280): clinical evaluation in urinary and prostatic infections]. 353 29

The efficacy and toxicity of ciprofloxacin, an orally administered fluoroquinolone, were evaluated in 24 infections in 23 patients with osteomyelitis caused by aerobic gram-negative bacilli. The diagnosis was confirmed by surgical findings and the results of bone biopsy and culture of bone or deep soft tissue. The aerobic gram-negative bacilli were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15 isolates), Serratia marcescens (five isolates), Escherichia coli (three isolates), Enterobacter species (three isolates), Proteus mirabilis (one isolate), Pseudomonas fluorescens (one isolate), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (one isolate). Minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were 1.56 micrograms/ml or less for all but one isolate. Nine infections were polymicrobial, involving aerobic gram-positive cocci or anaerobes in addition to aerobic gram-negative bacilli. Additional antibiotics to which the aerobic gram-negative bacilli were resistant were given when the additional organisms were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Patients received 750 mg of ciprofloxacin twice daily for a mean of 62 days. Peak serum levels of ciprofloxacin were at least threefold higher than the MBCs in 20 of 24 patients. Twenty of 22 infections in which a full course of therapy was completed were without evidence of active disease at one to 17 months posttreatment. A sternotomy wound infection relapsed after eight weeks of therapy with a newly resistant S. marcescens strain, and an infection of a compound fracture relapsed two months posttreatment with a still sensitive P. aeruginosa strain. Toxicity was minimal in most patients: eosinophilia (six patients), nausea (eight patients), mild elevation in transaminase levels (three patients), pruritus (one patient), diarrhea (two patients), thrush (two patients), rash (two patients), and mild leukopenia (one patient). Two additional patients had severe side effects (vertigo in one and acute renal failure in another) that required discontinuation of ciprofloxacin therapy. Overall, ciprofloxacin is a promising agent for the oral treatment of gram-negative bacillary osteomyelitis.
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PMID:Clinical efficacy of ciprofloxacin therapy for gram-negative bacillary osteomyelitis. 355 45

The efficacy and safety of Timentin (ticarcillin plus potassium clavulanate) and piperacillin were compared in a clinical trial of 78 hospitalized patients with urinary tract infections. There were 37 evaluable patients in the Timentin-treated group and 39 in the piperacillin-treated group. The 43 infection sites in each group were primarily complicated pyelonephritis or complicated cystitis; six patients in the Timentin-treated group and four in the piperacillin-treated group also had septicaemia. Both ticarcillin (3 g) plus potassium clavulanate (200 mg) and piperacillin (125-200 mg/kg per day) were administered intravenously. The 43 most common pathogens in each treatment group were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the urinary tract and E. coli from the blood. Nine pathogens in the Timentin-treated group and 11 in the piperacillin-treated group were resistant to ticarcillin in vitro. Eradication was achieved for 39 of the 43 (91%) pathogens in the Timentin group, including all six organisms isolated from the blood, and eight (89%) of the ticarcillin-resistant pathogens. In the piperacillin-treated group, 33 of the 43 (77%) pathogens were eradicated, including three of the four blood isolates, but only eight (73%) of the ticarcillin-resistant pathogens. Clinical cure or improvement occurred in 97% of the patients in each group. Mild and transient increases in levels of liver enzymes or eosinophils were reported for 11 patients in the Timentin group and seven in the piperacillin group. In one patient in the Timentin group, a drug-related rash and nausea developed, and treatment was discontinued.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Timentin versus piperacillin in the treatment of hospitalized patients with urinary tract infections. 363 40

The efficacy and safety of ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium and piperacillin were compared in a clinical trial of 78 hospitalized patients with urinary tract infections. There were 37 evaluable patients in the ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium-treated group and 39 in the piperacillin-treated group. The 43 infection sites in each group were primarily complicated pyelonephritis or complicated cystitis; six patients in the ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium-treated group and four in the piperacillin-treated group also had septicemia. Both ticarcillin (3 g) plus clavulanate potassium (200 mg) and piperacillin (125 to 200 mg/kg per day) were administered intravenously. The 43 most common pathogens in each treatment group were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the urinary tract and E. coli from the blood. Eight pathogens in the ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium-treated group and 11 in the piperacillin-treated group were resistant to ticarcillin in vitro. Eradication was achieved for 39 of the 43 (91 percent) pathogens in the ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium group, including all six organisms isolated from the blood and eight (89 percent) of the ticarcillin-resistant pathogens. In the piperacillin-treated group, 33 of the 43 (77 percent) pathogens were eradicated, including three of the four blood isolates but only eight (73 percent) of the ticarcillin-resistant pathogens. The rate of reinfection or relapse was similar in both groups. Clinical cure or improvement occurred in 97 percent of the patients in each group. Mild and transient increases in levels of liver enzymes or eosinophilia was reported for 11 patients in the ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium-treated group and for seven in the piperacillin-treated group. In one patient in the ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium-treated group, a drug-related rash and nausea developed, and treatment was discontinued.
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PMID:Comparative study of ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium versus piperacillin in the treatment of hospitalized patients with urinary tract infections. 407 1

Fundamental and clinical studies on a new cephalosporin antibiotic, cefpiramide (CPM), was carried out under a joint study program, in order to evaluate the usefulness of the drug in treating infection of the female genital organs. The results obtained were as follows: CPM was readily transported to female genital organ tissues, and the concentrations of the drug exceeded 35 micrograms/g in various organ tissues in about 1 hour, following intravenous injection of 1 g. A level of more than 2 micrograms/g was maintained even 14 hours after the injection. The transport of CPM to various tissues was also studied following intravenous drip infusion of 1 g for 1 hour. The concentrations in tissues were slightly low but similar to those following intravenous injection. The peak concentration of the drug in the dead space exudate was 3.1-20.4 micrograms/ml, following intravenous injection and intravenous drip infusion of 1 g. The MIC80 of CPM were 3.13-12.5 micrograms/ml against S. aureus, Klebsiella sp., P. mirabilis and P. aeruginosa. Clinical effects of CPM were analyzed in 158 patients, including 56 cases with intrauterine infection, 37 cases with intrapelvic infection, 22 cases with external genital infection, 31 cases with adnexitis, 6 cases with postoperative wound infection and 6 cases with other infections. Excellent response was seen in 28 cases (17.7%), good response in 120 (75.9%) poor response in 10 (6.3%). The rate of response was calculated as 93.7%. Safety of the drug was analyzed in 258 patients, and side effects occurred in 4 (1.6%). Of these 4 patients, rash was in 1 patient, heat sensation in 1 patient, nausea in 1 patient and rash accompanying edema in 1 patient. Abnormal values in clinical laboratory findings were seen in 7 patients. Elevations of transaminase were seen in 5 patients and decrease of platelet was seen in a patient, and then elevations of transaminase with decrease of platelet was seen in a patient, and no other changes of particular note appeared.
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PMID:[Fundamental and clinical study on cefpiramide in obstetrics and gynecology. Obstetrics and Gynecology Study Group for Cefpiramide]. 407 5

Laboratory and clinical comparative investigations with cefotiam (CTM) and cefazolin (CEZ) were performed to confirm efficacy and safety in surgical, biliary tract infections. The following results were obtained. 1) The MICs of CTM against organisms, 20 strains, which were isolated from bile of patients with cholecystitis, were studied, especially those of CTM against E. coli and Klebsiella were 0.2 - greater than or equal to 100 micrograms/ml and 0.1--12.5 micrograms/ml, respectively, considerably lower than those of CEZ. And moreover against CEZ-resistant Proteus morganii and Serratia marcescens, CTM showed potent activities, that is, MIC values, 12.5--50 micrograms/ml and 0.78 microgram/ml, respectively. 2) In cholecystectomized patients, 2 grams of CTM was injected intravenously, followed by determination of bile concentration in gallbladder, common bile duct and concentration of gallbladder and liver tissue about 2 hours after administration. The mean bile concentrations of CTM in gallbladder and common bile duct were 1,213.2 micrograms/ml and 1,287.8 micrograms/ml, respectively. The peak concentration of CTM was 2,919.0 micrograms/ml. The mean concentrations of CTM in gallbladder and liver tissue were 28.5 micrograms/g and 45.7 micrograms/g, respectively. On the other hand, the mean bile concentrations of CEZ in gallbladder and common bile duct were 138.7 micrograms/ml and 128.8 micrograms/ml, respectively. 3) Bile concentrations of CTM was compared with those of CEZ by crossover method. The concentration of CTM was 37.7 micrograms/ml even at 5 or 6 hours after 2 grams intravenously administration. CTM showed extremely higher concentration than CEZ in bile. 4) The clinical effect was studied in 6 cases of surgical, biliary tract infections. The results were excellent in 2 cases, good in 3 cases and poor in 1 case, and the clinical efficacy was 83%. 5) CTM was administered to 6 patients who showed negative to intracutaneous reaction test. Nausea, itching, and eruption were observed in each 1 case after intravenously administration of CTM 2 g, however these adverse reactions disappeared within several hours. Throughout the course of treatment, any unusual laboratory findings related to CTM were not observed.
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PMID:[Laboratory and clinical investigations of cefotiam in surgical biliary tract infections]. 629 Jun 99

One hundred and sixty-six patients with complicated and uncomplicated urinary tract infections were randomized to therapy with either 0.25, 0.50 or 1.00 g of ceftazidime im or iv twice daily for five days. Bacteriological data were complete in 138 patients. Escherichia coli caused 50% of all infections, Klebsiella and Enterobacter spp. caused 10.9%, Pseudomonas spp caused 10.9%, Proteus spp. caused 10.7%, and 8.7% were caused by other Gram-negative bacteria. Staphylococcus and Streptococcus spp. caused 9.4%. Cure rate was lowest in infections caused by Pseudomonas (53.3%) and Proteus spp. (64.3%); however, most of these infections were complicated. No significant dose-related difference in efficacy was observed, but the 0.25 g dose had the lowest cure rate in each category. Nausea was the only side effect. The most common laboratory abnormalities were elevated liver function tests. Minimal changes in haematological and renal function were seen.
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PMID:A random comparative trial of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g ceftazidime twice daily in urinary tract infection. 635 55


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