Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thirty-one patients with Parkinson's disease were treated with the ergot alkaloid bromocriptine, a drug which stimulates dopamine receptors. Bromocriptine had a slight therapeutic effect in patients on no other treatment and an additional effect in patients on levodopa. The mean optimum dosage of bromocriptine, established over a 12 week period, was 26 mg daily. In 20 patients bromocriptine was compared with placebo in a double-blind controlled trial. Active treatment caused a significant (P less than 0.02) reduction in total disability and akinesia scores. The least disabled patients showed the greatest response. Side-effects of bromocriptine--nausea, vomiting, hallucinations, and abnormal involuntary movements--were similar to nature to those of levodopa. In most normal subjects, bromocriptine causes an increase in plasma growth hormone concentration. This was determined in 20 patients with Parkinson's disease after 1-15 mg bromocriptine. Only a single patient showed an obvious increase up to 120 minutes after dosage. Bromocriptine was not effective treatment in two patients who had not previously responded to levodopa and replacement of this drug by bromocriptine in patients with end-of-dose akinesia after chronic levodopa treatment did not totally abolish response swings.
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PMID:Bromocriptine treatment in Parkinson's disease. 77 75

A double-blind study comparing the effects of carbidopa and levodopa combined in a single tablet with levodopa alone was undertaken in 50 patients with Parkinson's disease. After 6 months, there was a statistically significant improvement over baseline in total score, rigidity, and tremor only in the patients randomized to carbidopa/levodopa. In addition, 40 percent of the patients treated with carbidopa/levodopa showed obvious clinical improvement (a greater than 50 percent reduction in their total score) over treatment with levodopa alone. However, after 2 years, only 20 percent continued to show this improvement. Nausea, vomiting, and anorexia developed in 56 percent of patients on levodopa but in only 27 percent of patients on carbidopa/levodopa. However, abnormal involuntary movements, observed in 48 percent of patients on levodopa, were present in 77 percent of patients on carbidopa/levodopa. Despite the increase in abnormal involuntary movements, carbidopa/levodopa is more effective than levodopa.
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PMID:Comparison of dopa decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa) combined with levodopa and levodopa alone in Parkinson's disease. 110 Oct 99

Twelve parkinsonian patients with an unsatisfactory therapeutic result on L-Dopa alone due to nausea, vomiting and involuntary movements were treated WITH L-Dopa and decarboxylase inhibitor. The daily dose reached 800mg L-Dopa and 200 mg decarboxylase inhibitor. Single doses of each of the components were also given. Electrophysiological examination of hypokinesia, tremor and rigidity, and clinical observation revealed clear evidence of rapid improvement on small doses of L-Dopa combined with decarboxylase inhibitor. Most of the improvement occurred during the 1st week before the maximal dose was reached. A single oral dose of decarboxylase inhibitor resulted in an improvement, suggesting the presence in the organism of a small AMOUNT OF L-Dopa. This work also shows the absence of liver toxicity of the drug used. Elimination of the extracerebral side effects nausea and vomiting in our opinion is a principle advantage of the compound compared to L-Dopa alone, wheras abnormal involuntary movements, which were found in all patients, remain the limiting adverse side effect.
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PMID:Treatment of parkinsonism with l-dopa and a decarboxylase inhibitor. An electrophysiological and clinical study. 114 54

The authors report their experience, over a 26-month period, in the management of 60 parkinsonian patients with the combination of levodopa and an inhibitor of peripheral dopa-decarboxylase, Ro 4-4602. This approach to Parkinson's disease is useful, safe, and at least as effective as levodopa alone. To date there have been no recognizable toxic effects attributable to Ro 4-4602. This agent appears to prolong the duration of action of levodopa, smoothing out its therapeutic effects. The percentage of patients obtaining a very good and excellent response is slightly increased. There is a possible diminution in the late-occurring bradykinetic and hypotonic freezing episodes. Nausea and cardiac arrhythmias are lessened, as are the incidence and severity of hypotension. Abnormal involuntary movements remain the limiting adverse side effect.
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PMID:Levodopa combined with peripheral decarboxylase inhibition in Parkinson's disease. 503 97

Sinemet (a combination of levodopa with carbidopa, a dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor) has replaced levodopa for early treatment of parkinsonism. The blocking of the systemic uptake of dopamine has eliminated the previous complications of nausea, vomiting, and cardiac and respiratory arrhythmias; pyridoxine need not now be avoided. However, the earlier appearance of abnormal involuntary movements, hallucinations, occasional psychosis, and a dopa-resistant state limits treatment efficacy. In all-over experience the combination drug offers the best relief for rigidity and akinesia. It has improved the quality of life and reduced mortality by one half. The greatest benefits appear in the first 3 years; then complications set in. The relation of complications to dosage is now better understood, and the ratio of dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor to levodopa inhibitor to levodopa of 1:4 is better than the previous 1:10. Levodopa with or without dopa decarboxylase is not a cure for parkinsonism. Some agonist drugs (bromocryptine, lisuride) are showing promise in the testing stage. The evolving knowledge about neurotransmitters and peptide messengers offers hope for the growing number of patients with parkinsonism.
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PMID:Sinemet and the treatment of Parkinsonism. 701 95