Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The importance of maintaining the cancer patient's nutritional status is now recognized as a major part of the medical care. It is necessary for the oncology team to be aware of the psychological and physiological factors that interfere with food acceptance so that the correct food can be offered at the right time in the most palatable form. The oral route is the preferred method of feeding, and nutritional supplements, chosen according to the individual patient's needs, are of great value in assuring an adequate oral intake. Diagnostic tests and therapy are frequent causes of disruption of the meal schedule and the dietary service must be flexible in providing the patient an opportunity to make up for missed meals. Taste disturbance, nausea, vomiting and mucositis caused by therapy may necessitate periods of intravenous hyperalimentation. Food aversions due to therapy can frequently be prevented by avoiding new or unusual foods in the hours before chemotherapy or irradiation. Regular nutrition counseling during clinic visits and/or hospitalization permits diet modification for specific therapeutic needs. The ultimate goal is the prevention of wasting and debilitation due to malnutrition in the cancer patient.
 ...
PMID:Oral feedings in the cancer patient. 10 86

Three cases of benign duodenocolic fistula are presented, and the diagnosis and treatment reviewed. Patients with benign duodenocolic fistulas usually complain of diarrhea, and occasionally nausea and feculent vomiting. Physical examinations are nonspecific, revealing wasting from the chronic diarrhea. Barium enemas are usually diagnostic. Therapy consists of excision of the fistula and repair of the duodenal and colonic defects.
 ...
PMID:Benign duodenocolic fistula. 405 98

A 67 years old man was admitted on July 1979 for nausea, dysphagia and rectal pain. At age 64 he had undergone radiotherapy on the lower lip for an epidermoid carcinoma. He remained then healthy. His medical history was negative with the exception of chronic bronchitis. He had never been exposed to toxic agents or drugs and had never left Europe. A few days after admission he suffered acute intestinal obstruction but at laparostomy no etiology was found. At the same time the patient complained of pain in all four limbs and he was found to have diffuse wasting of muscles, areflexia and distal sensory loss. No sign of dysautonomia was present. Physical examination was negative with the exception of a cervical lymphadenopathy. The lymph node biopsy showed an undifferentiated metastatic carcinoma. Negative investigations included: blood cells count; serum ionogram and immunoelectrophoresis; thyroid function tests; serological test for Chagas' disease. The following abnormalities were found: ESR: 55-105; CSF protein: 145 mg/100 ml and 1 cell mm3; whole blood folic acid: 1,7 mg/ml; Hbs antigen was present in blood; EMG showed evidence of denervation but motor conduction velocities were normal. By September the patient's weakness had increased and complete intestinal obstruction persisted. At oesophageal, gastric and duodenal fibroscopy no contraction was visible, and biopsies were negative. The patient died of peritonitis on October 5th, 1979. At necropsy peritonitis secondary to multiple perforation of the large bowel was found. No recurrence of the lip carcinoma or metastase or evidence of a primary carcinoma was found. Light microscopy showed no evidence of amyloidosis or scleroderma. Examination of the alimentary tract showed abnormalities restricted to the myenteric plexuses which varied from one level to another. In the small bowel there was hyperplasia of the smooth muscle and the myenteric plexuses were enlarged by marked proliferation of Schwann cells. Severe neuronal loss and nodules of Nageotte were also noted. Schwann cells proliferation was less marked in the stomach and large bowel. Lympho-histiocytic infiltration strictly confined to the region of the myenteric plexuses was present in oesophagus, stomach, large bowel and rectum. Mild chronic inflammatory lesions were also found in anterior and posterior spinal roots and semi-lunar ganglia. The striking feature of this case is the association of an undifferentiated carcinoma and a polyradiculoneuritis with a complete alimentary tract palsy of rapid onset, secondary to lesions restricted to the myenteric plexuses. The low folate level was insufficient to explain the neuropathy. Investigations showed no evidence of the usual causes of intestinal pseudo-obstruction: muscular, dysautonomic, toxic, plexic (idiopathic, familial, inflammatory), Chagas' disease). The clinical course, the pathological pictures of the alimentary tract and spinal roots and the association with a carcinoma suggest that our case may represent a paraneoplastic syndrome...
 ...
PMID:[Paralysis of digestive tract with lesions of myenteric plexuses. A new paraneoplastic syndrome (author's transl)]. 729 42

There are increasing challenges for the practising gastroenterologist in treating AIDS-related gastrointestinal diseases. The differential diagnoses of dysphagia and odynophagia include cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, non-specific aphthous ulceration and non-AIDS oesophageal diseases, especially reflux oesophagitis. Chronic subacute abdominal pain with nausea, vomiting, early satiety and weight loss is suggestive of an obstructive lesion caused by lymphoma or Kaposi's sarcoma. Severe acute abdominal pain can indicate pancreatitis or intestinal perforation due to cytomegalovirus. Right upper quadrant pain (with or without fever, vomiting or abnormal liver function tests with a cholestatic profile) is suggestive of hepatobiliary pathology including cholecystitis, cholangitis, acalculous cholecystitis and AIDS cholangiopathy. Diarrhoea is the most common gastrointestinal symptom of AIDS, affecting 50-90% of patients. Causes of AIDS diarrhoea include protozoa (Cryptosporidium parvum, Isospora belli, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Septata intestinalis, Cyclospora spp, Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia), bacteria (Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, Clostridium difficile, Salmonella, Shigella and Campylobacter jejuni), and viruses (CMV, HSV and possibly HIV). Chronic diarrhoea, malnutrition and weight loss can shorten the life-span of patients with AIDS. Elemental diets, isotonic formulas, medium chain triglycerides and total parenteral nutrition have been tried with little success in AIDS patients with severe diarrhoea and wasting.
 ...
PMID:AIDS and the gut. 805 32

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is one of the most potent known anorexigens with an unestablished mechanism of action. In the present study, the role of nausea in TCDD-induced hypophagia was assessed by a battery of behavioral (conditioned taste aversion [CTA], kaolin consumption, protein selection), biochemical (plasma oxytocin), and antiemetic drug intervention (trimethobenzamine, metoclopramide) approaches. Moreover, both the most TCDD-susceptible (Long-Evans [L-E]; IP LD50 approximately 10 micrograms/kg) and the most TCDD-resistant (Han/Wistar [H/W]; IP LD50 > 3000 micrograms/kg) rat strains were employed in the experiments. L-E rats were exposed to a lethal dose of TCDD (50 micrograms/kg), whereas H/W rats were treated with high but nonlethal doses (50 or 1000 micrograms/kg). TCDD produced a positive CTA response in H/W rats alone. These animals also increased their kaolin consumption more than L-E rats of either gender after TCDD exposure. TCDD decreased the proportional intake of energy from high-protein diet in female L-E rats, but tended to increase it in male L-E and H/W rats. TCDD did not affect plasma oxytocin concentration by itself, but potentiated the elevation caused by the positive control compound, LiCl, in L-E rats on day 8. Neither antiemetic tested had any detectable influence on TCDD-induced wasting. These findings imply that the degree of nausea elicited by TCDD in the rat depends on strain and gender. However, nausea has only a minor, if at all, causal role in the lethal wasting syndrome characteristic of this compound.
 ...
PMID:TCDD-induced hypophagia is not explained by nausea. 814 18

The HIV wasting syndrome and other HIV-associated weight loss is a major problem in HIV-infected patients. The available data strongly suggest that wasting is associated with decreased survival. It may also further impair immune function. A variety of etiologies probably contribute to this wasting, including hypermetabolism, alterations in metabolism, lessened oral intake, malabsorption, cytokine effects, and endocrine dysfunction. The relative contributions of each of these etiologies to wasting probably varies considerably from patient to patient. Successful treatment calls for identification of possible etiologies of wasting in the individual patient with AIDS. Further treatment may include treating underlying conditions and controlling such symptoms as diarrhea, nausea, or fever. Nutritional support, including both parenteral and enteral nutrition, has shown some promise of efficacy, and a variety of drugs appears to be helpful. Future treatment to reverse wasting may include the use of several of these agents in combination. Currently, there is much that clinicians can do to evaluate and treat the HIV wasting syndrome, with significant potential benefits to their patients.
 ...
PMID:The HIV wasting syndrome: a review. 820 46

Cryptosporidiosis in patients with AIDS often leads to a severe wasting illness that is difficult to treat. Recent reports suggest that paromomycin may be useful in the treatment of intestinal cryptosporidiosis. We reviewed our experience using paromomycin for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in seven patients with AIDS. All patients received paromomycin (500 mg orally every 6 hours) for an average of 11.7 days. The mean follow-up period was 3.2 months. All patients had an initial response to paromomycin that was characterized by a decrease in frequency of diarrheal episodes, stabilization of body weight, and/or eradication of cryptosporidia from the stool. The mean number of diarrheal episodes decreased from 10.9 to 1.7 daily. Stabilization or increase in body weight was noted for five of seven patients, and eradication of oocysts was documented for three patients. Relapses or recurrences were noted for three patients. Treatment with paromomycin was well tolerated by all patients with the exception of two, who experienced nausea and abdominal discomfort. Thus, paromomycin appears to be a promising agent for treatment of acute cryptosporidiosis.
 ...
PMID:Use of paromomycin for treatment of cryptosporidiosis in patients with AIDS. 816 75

Anorexia is a symptom seen in the majority of patients with cancer or the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who experience involuntary weight loss. It is frequently not seen as a symptom requiring management in the same proactive manner as pain, nausea, or constipation. Progressive inanition or wasting is a fundamental component of the complex phenomenon known as the anorexia/cachexia syndrome (ACS) of malignancy or AIDS. Weight loss can be seen in the full spectrum of patient care settings: as a presenting complaint, defining condition, treatment-related toxicity, or as a hallmark of impending death. Primary pharmacologic management of ACS includes use of orexigenic agents (appetite stimulants), anticatabolic agents (antimetabolic and anticytokine), and anabolic agents (primarily hormonal). In addition to these specific categories of pharmacologic intervention, broad aspects of symptom management need to be addressed and are complementary. The available literature evaluating pharmacologic management of ACS in both malignancy and AIDS is reviewed.
 ...
PMID:Pharmacologic management of anorexia/cachexia. 962 82

Symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea to a nonspecific food poisoning can be life-threatening for people with AIDS, particularly for those in the later stages of the disease. Recurrent bouts can lead to additional immune suppression, wasting, and death. Guidelines are provided for insuring that food purchasing and preparation are hygienic and safe. Foods should be properly cleaned and prepared and cooked thoroughly. Undercooked meats, raw fish, and raw eggs should always be avoided.
 ...
PMID:Food safety guidelines. 1136 37

Wasting is a severe, dangerous medical condition, and it can occur quickly, even in overweight patients. In wasting, the digestive process is disrupted, and patients lose their ability to absorb necessary nutrients from food. HIV interferes with metabolism, causing the body to burn muscle mass before it burns fat. Additionally, other physical problems can make eating difficult or painful, and the nausea associated with HIV therapies compounds the problem. Several nutritional supplements are recommended for people with weakness, fatigue, or poor appetite. Some are standard supplements intended to boost caloric intake easily, others are modified fat supplements or special formula supplements designed for special purposes.
 ...
PMID:Managing weight loss with nutritional supplements. 1136 27


1 2 3 4 Next >>