Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Salicylate poisoning remains a major clinical hazard, usually resulting from accidental ingestions in preschool children, suicidal overdoses in adults and teenagers, and therapeutically acquired intoxication in all ages. Alkalemia or acidemia, alkaluria or aciduria, hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia, and water and electrolyte imbalances may occur; nausea, vomiting, tinnitus, hyperpnea, hyperpyrexia, disorientation, coma, and/or convulsions are common. With chronic, therapeutically induced salicylism, these symptoms may be mistaken for symptoms resulting from the illness for which the salicylates were administered. For acute ingestions, the magnitude of the poisoning is clearly dose related. Blood level determinations are good prognostic indicators for acute ingestions but are of limited value in chronic, therapeutically induced salicylism. Fluid and electrolyte management is the mainstay of therapy. Diuresis, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion are effective, but the latter two rarely are necessary.
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PMID:Acute and chronic effects of aspirin toxicity and their treatment. 746 27

Seven hundred twelve patients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for major depression and recommended for antidepressant treatment were treated with moclobemide as outpatients (88%) or inpatients in ordinary psychiatric practices. These differ from the highly selected patients usually studied in antidepressant research, without comorbidity, or coprescription and treated in special clinics. Sixty-five percent were women, with a mean age of 45 (+/- 13.6) years, and 88% were outpatients. Eighty-eight percent had preexisting depression. Eight percent had prior manic episodes. Previous antidepressant treatment for this episode had been received by 69%, with the most common reasons for change to moclobemide being inadequate response (66%) and poor tolerability (20%). The modal final dose was 450 mg. Regarding tolerability, 52% did not report adverse events. The most common adverse events were insomnia or stimulation (13%), nausea (11%), headache or migraine (11%), dizziness or disorientation (6%), sedation or drowsiness (5%), agitation or nervousness (3%), and diarrhea (3%). Only 10% of adverse events were severe, and 83% lasted less than 2 weeks. There was no difference when moclobemide followed fluoxetine use. Most adverse events did not significantly differ from the frequencies reported in double-blind placebo-controlled studies. Concomitant medications from all major drug groups were taken by 520 patients (73%), with no adverse interactions. Moclobemide overdose resulted in an uneventful recovery, whereas mixed overdoses caused no problems other than those attributable to coprescribed medication. On physician clinical global impression, 65% were moderately improved or better after 8 weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Moclobemide for depression: an Australian psychiatric practice study. 759 27

Dextromethorphan (DM), the dextrorotatory isomer of 3-hydroxy-N-methylmorphinan, is the main ingredient in a number of widely available, over-the-counter antitussives. Initial studies (Bornstein 1968) showed that it possessed no respiratory suppressant effects and no addiction liability. Subsequently, however, several articles reporting abuse of this drug have appeared in the literature. The drug is known to cause a variety of acute toxic effects, ranging from nausea, restlessness, insomnia, ataxia, slurred speech and nystagmus to mood changes, perceptual alterations, inattention, disorientation and aggressive behavior (Rammer et al 1988; Katona and Watson 1986; Isbell and Fraser 1953; Devlin et al 1985; McCarthy 1971; Dodds and Revai 1967; Degkwitz 1964; Hildebrand et al 1989). There have also been two reported fatalities from DM overdoses (Fleming 1986). However, there are no reports describing the effects of chronic abuse. This report describes a case of cognitive deterioration resulting from prolonged use of DM.
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PMID:Cognitive deterioration from long-term abuse of dextromethorphan: a case report. 780 71

We report a case of mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) associated with prosopagnosia, topographical disorientation, and periodic lateralized epileptiform discharge (PLED) on electroencephalography (EEG) in a 23-year-old right-handed man. The first MELAS attack occurred on March 1, 1991, while the patient was drinking. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a lesion of abnormal intensity in the left occipital lobe. The second attack occurred on October 1, 1991. This time, the major symptoms were visual loss of acute onset, nausea, and vomiting. EEG examination showed transient PLED. MRI revealed a new area of abnormal intensity in the right occipital lobe, lingual gyrus, fusiform gyrus and the posterior part of the parahippocampal gyrus. During the clinical course of the patient, prosopagnosia and topographical disorientation appeared. There have been few reports of MELAS associated with prosopagnosia, topographical disorientation, and PLED. However, MELAS attacks tend to occur in the cortex of the occipital lobe. We therefore believe that these neuropsychological symptoms and PLED are likely to be associated with MELAS.
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PMID:[A case of MELAS associated with prosopagnosia, topographical disorientation and PLED]. 783 52

Space adaptation syndrome (SAS), manifested by cephalad fluid shifts, spacial disorientation, nausea, and vomiting, is of varied expression and uncertain etiology. One theory is that fluid shift to the upper body alters the function of the vestibular apparatus to create an entity similar to Meniere's disease. Since clinical vestibular dysfunction syndromes are mirrored by altered cochlear function, this experiment was undertaken to study the relation between fluid redistribution and the auditory effects of initial antiorthostatic bed rest. Manual and bone audiometry, impedance tympanometry, and brain-stem evoked potentials were used to monitor auditory changes prior to, during, and following short term exposure to -6 degrees head down tilt. Impedance plethysmography was performed to assess the segmental and intracranial fluid redistribution and hemodynamic changes during short-term head down tilt simulated microgravity. Even though significant cephalad fluid shift produced marked intracranial congestion and the subjects exhibited SAS symptoms, no clinically significant changes in the auditory system could be detected.
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PMID:Body volume changes during simulated microgravity: auditory changes, segmental fluid redistribution, and regional hemodynamics. 821 26

Adjustable suture surgery has become a popular method of strabismus correction in those cases in which results are less predictable, such as reoperations, thyroid ophthalmopathy, and blind eyes. Complications related to adjustable strabismus surgery are, in general, no different than those related to standard surgical techniques. We noticed a subgroup of patients who experienced significant vaso-vagal responses (V-VR) during postoperative adjustment and sought to discover a method of identifying these patients prior to adjustment. Sixty patients were studied prospectively from July 1991 to July 1992. All patients had surgery under general anesthesia and were adjusted 24 hours later. A positive oculocardiac reflex (OCR) occurred when a 10% or greater intraoperative change in heart rate was associated with traction on an extraocular muscle. A positive V-VR postoperatively consisted of one or more subjective findings (dizziness, light-headedness, nausea, or body temperature changes), and two or more objective findings (10% or greater change in heart rate, hypotension, pallor, diaphoresis, vomiting, disorientation, or loss of consciousness). Variables studied for predictive value included OCR, age, sex, strabismus type, previous surgery, muscle adjusted, and systemic disease. Twenty-five patients (41.6%) had a positive V-VR during adjustment. Twenty-seven patients (45%) had a positive OCR. Eighty-five percent of patients with a positive OCR and 9% of patients with a negative OCR had a positive V-VR. Younger patients were also more likely to have a positive V-VR. A positive intraoperative OCR under general anesthesia during strabismus surgery is highly predictive of a postoperative V-VR during planned adjustment.
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PMID:The intraoperative oculocardiac reflex as a predictor of postoperative vaso-vagal responses during adjustable suture surgery. 825 46

Ophthalmic surgery is one of the most valuable indications for ambulatory anaesthesia (AA). Respecting the usual recommendations for AA and the specificity of ophthalmic surgery, AA has very few problems. In USA it concerns about 90% of ophthalmic surgery. Most of the patients are very young or very old. Adults are often poly-medicamented: diabetes and arterial hypertension are the most frequent pathologies. A lot of multivisceral pathologies are responsible of ocular diseases and can complicate anaesthesia. It is necessary to diagnose them before anaesthesia. Maligna hyperthermia risk is increased during strabismus and ptosis surgery. Some ocular treatments have systemic repercussion and require to be stopped before anaesthesia. Most of ophthalmic surgery can be practiced under any types of local anaesthesia. In postoperative of strabismus and retinal detachment repair, pain, nausea, vomiting are frequently observed. Their prevention is not very well known. The atropine used for cardiac reflex treatment may be responsible of an acute urine retention or a disorientation in elderly patients and delays the home readiness. Paper and pencil tests after general anaesthesia are very difficult to do, because requesting a good vision. The postoperative complications are essentially surgical complications.
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PMID:[Characteristic problems posed to the anesthetist by ambulatory surgery in ophthalmology]. 840 83

A recent videometric analysis of 56 brief syncopes showed myoclonic activity in 90%, together with head turns, upward gaze, oral automatisms, righting movements and visual and auditory hallucinations in 60-80%. Characteristic precipitation factors, premonition features such as nausea, sweating and palpitation, brief duration (< 25 sec), absence of paroxysmal electroencephalogram activity and no evidence for disorientation, exhaustion or sleep after the attack, are useful discriminating factors.
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PMID:Syncopes and seizures. 878 71

In 92 depressed patients who were randomized to unilateral or bilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) at either low dosage (just above seizure threshold) or high dosage (2.5 times the seizure threshold), subjective side effects were assessed with the Columbia ECT Subjective Side Effects Schedule. A research nurse administered the instrument 4 h after each treatment during the ECT course. In 41 patients, the instrument was also administered before the ECT course. Headache, disorientation, and memory complaints were the most common subjective side effects during the ECT course. Somatic side effects did not change from early to late in the ECT course, and were not influenced by ECT electrode placement or dosage. Most individual somatic side effects, including nausea, tiredness, and muscle aches/pains did not change from pre-ECT to during the ECT course, and may have been a function of the persistent somatic symptoms of depression. Cognitive complaints increased from pre-ECT to during the ECT course, but there was no overall change from pre-ECT to immediately after the ECT course. Cognitive complaints were greater with bilateral compared with unilateral ECT, with no significant effect of electrical dosage. During the ECT course, subjective mood improved and psychomotor agitation decreased, particularly in clinical responders. These findings suggest that most putative somatic side effects are related to the depressive state rather than being induced by ECT. The observed changes reinforce the need to evaluate both subjective and objective side effects during ECT.
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PMID:Subjective side effects during electroconvulsive therapy. 891 73

A case of Iotrolan encephalopathy is reported. A 66-year-old woman, suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage, was admitted to our department on January 17th, 1995. After an operation for aneurysmal clipping and ventriculo-peritoneal shunt, she was discharged with no neurological deficiency. CT scan revealed ventricular enlargement and slight periventricular lucency. She was re-admitted on January 4th, 1996. She was suffering from nausea, vomiting, right hemiparesis, right hemi-hypesthesia and disturbance of consciousness. CT scan demonstrated right thalamic bleeding and bilateral ventricular hemorrhage. Further ventricular enlargement was also revealed. With medical treatment, her symptoms were relieved gradually. But disorientation and memory disturbance continued. Shuntography with Iotrolan was performed on February 2nd, 1996. The ventriculo-peritoneal shunt was demonstrated to be occluded on the abdominal side. The volume of Iotrolan used was about 8cc. She became very restless on the night of the examination. Her temperature was up to 38. CT on February 4th demonstrated brain penetration of the Iotrolan. Revision of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt, administration of steroids and hydration was performed. CSF findings demonstrated no abnormalities. Her symptoms were relieved gradually. Iotrolan is a non-ionic contrast media of dimer type, composed of C37 H48 I6 N6 O18. Its distinctive features are low distributing coefficient and high affinity with water. Contrasting several reports of Metrizamide encephalopathy, only 2 cases of Iotrolan encephalopathy were reported. Iotrolan is reported to be much safer than Metrizamide. We were able to find brain penetration by Iotrolan. It is expected to be a characteristic radiological finding of encephalopathy induced by contrast media. The mechanism of Iotrolan encephalopathy is obscure. Several theories concerning Metrizamide encephalopathy are proposed. These are (1) inhibition of hexokinase, (2) inhibition of acethylcholinesterase, (3) immunological mechanism and (4) vascular disturbance. Iotrolan has no 2-deoxy-glucose structure. The inhibition theory of hexokinase is least expected. Related matters are circulatory disturbance of liquor, dehydration, excessive contrast media, advanced age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, epileptic patients and patients taking phenothiazines. Prompt therapy is important. Removal of contrast media, hydration and administration of steroids should be performed as early as possible.
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PMID:[A case of Iotrolan encephalopathy]. 893 76


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