Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

490 women who used Stediril (.5 mg norgestrel and .05 mg ethinyl estradiol, combined) for a total of 5600 cycles or 466 woman-years over a 3 year period are presented. They all took the pills primairly for contraception; most were 20-30 years old, and took Stediril 3-6 months. Some other indications were 119 cases of menstrual irregularity, 15 of spaniomenorrhea, 14 of premenstrual syndrome and 3 of acne, all relieved. 46 of 50 cases of menorrhagia, 83 of 89 of dysmenorrhea and 32 of 34 with pelvic pain were relieved. Withdrawal bleeding was usually less than before and tended to diminish with time. There were 46 women with nausea, 3 of whom stopped Stediril. Migraines sometimes a ppeared, sometimes disappeared, but often occurred regularly on the first day between pill cycles. 52 women complained of breast congestion for the first time. Weight rose in 2301, fell in 98 and stayed constant in 134 after 3 months: weight was easily controlled with diet and appetite supressant drugs. No hypertension was observed. There were 19 single cycles of amenorrhea, several cases of persistant amenorrhea and 4 cases of amenorrhea after stopping. 2-3% of cycles were marked by metrorrhagia; 63 women had spotting, 8 had significant metrorrhagia; 7 had metrorrhagia followed by withdrawal bleeding in that cycle. 1 woman had a thromboembolism of the left leg after 2 pill cycles during which she gained 3 kg. There was 1 pregnancy due to irregular pill use.
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PMID:[Clinical study of an estro-progestative association in low doses. Experience of 3 years (490 patients-5600 cycles)]. 426 90

A synthetic steroid, 3-desoxy-6-alpha-methyl-17-alpha-acetoxy progesterone (DMAP), was used as the progestin in a program of sequential oral administration of contraceptive tablets; indigent patients attending the postpartum clinic at the Medical College of Virginia were studied. No pregnancies occurred in 561 cycles of use. Withdrawal bleeding incidences usually occurred every 27 days, lasted 5 days, and were associated with moderate flow. The incidence of breakthrough bleeding was 3%; intermenstrual spotting, 2.4%; and nausea or vomiting, 9.5%. The endometrial changes more closely resembled those in a normal ovulatory cycle than those associated with oral contraceptive methods which utilize an estrogen-progestin mixture started on Cycle Day 5.
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PMID:Sequential oral contraception using DMAP. 590 45

A preliminary trial was conducted to test the possibility of using intravaginally a contraceptive tablet manufactured for oral use to achieve ovulation suppression. 12 women who could not continue with oral contraceptives (OCs) because of gastrointestinal complaints and/or nausea volunteered to participate. All subjects discontinued oral use of tablets for at least 2 months prior to the vaginal administration. Condoms were provided for use during the interim period. Patients were instructed to manually place in the vagina either 1 (4 subjects) or 2 tablets (8 subjects) daily for 21 days. Progesterone blood levels remained at preovulatory levels, below 2 ng/ml, throughout the treatment period, indicating that ovulation was suppressed in all subjects. Levels of 17beta-estradiol (32) which showed considerable variation during the control cycle remained low during the treatment cycle. Withdrawal bleeding occurred 2-5 days following the last tablet and lasted 3-5 days, as in normal menstruation. In patients inserting 1 tablet, intermenstrual spotting was common, but in those inserting 2 tablets daily no spotting occurred. 5 of 6 subjects who complained of nausea during OC use reported no nausea during the period of vaginal administration. These patients requested vaginal administration as a regular contraceptive method.
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PMID:Ovulation suppression in women following vaginal administration of oral contraceptive tablets. 681 33

Physicians recruited 882 women into a multicenter trial of a new biphasic oral contraceptive (OC) (25 mcg + 125 mcg desogestrel and 40 mcg + 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol). Trial sites were in Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Norway, Sweden, and the former Yugoslavia. After 3 cycles, women who had switched from using another OC in the 2 months before the study (switchers) were less likely to continue the new OC than were women who had not used any OC in the last 2 months (starters) (6 cycles = 87.2% vs. 90.6%, 12 cycles = 74.7% vs. 79.5%; and 18 cycles = 59.8% vs. 64.9%). Withdrawal bleeding did not occur in 3.2% of all cycles. Absence of withdrawal bleeding became less common over time (cycle 1 = 7.6%, cycle 3 = 5%, cycle 6 = 3.2%, and cycle 18 = 1.8%). Duration of withdrawal bleeding was no more than 5 days in 80% of all women. More and more women had no more than 5 days of withdrawal bleeding as time passed (cycle 1 = 81.7%, cycle 6 = 85.6%, and cycle 18 = 90.6%). Irregular bleeding was more common in the first cycles of the study than in subsequent cycles (e.g., spotting during cycles 1-3 = 8.5-4.8% vs. 3.7-3.1% during cycles 6-18). By cycle 18, 96% of all women had no irregular bleeding. The drop-out rate for irregular bleeding was 2.2% at the end of the study. In 5% of cycles, at least 1 tablet was forgotten. In the first cycles, starters were somewhat more likely to complain of nausea, headache, and breast tenderness than switchers (e.g., nausea, cycle 1 = 5.8% vs. 3.4%). The gap between the 2 groups disappeared after 3 cycles. Starters were more likely to have minor complaints before OC use than after OC use (e.g., 6.5% fewer frequencies of headaches at 18 months). These findings show that the new OC has very good cycle control and a agreeable side effect profile.
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PMID:Cycle control and side effects of a new combiphasic oral contraceptive regimen. 794 27

The objective of a double-blind randomized multicenter trial enrolling 60 women was to determine the suppressive effect on ovarian activity of 20 mcg ethinyl estradiol plus 75 mcg gestodene administered for 21 or 23 days. The sites were at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Manchester, UK, and the Institute for Sterility Treatment, Vienna, Austria. The 60 women were healthy volunteers 19-35 years old, and they were randomized with 30 subjects each entering the treatment phase for either the 21-day regimen or the 23-day regimen. A pre-treatment cycle, 3 treatment cycles, and a post-treatment period were monitored by ovarian ultrasound and by measurements of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), 17-beta-estradiol, and progesterone every other day. Two women on the 21-day regimen forgot to take 1 pill each. Side effects were minor including breast tension, vomiting, nausea, acne, and weight loss or weight gain. Withdrawal bleeding commenced in the 23-day group 2 days later than in the 21-day group. The frequency of intracyclic bleeding decreased when progressing from treatment cycle 1 to 3. No ovulation and no luteinized, unruptured follicle were observed. After stopping the medication, spontaneous ovulations were observed in all volunteers in the 23-day regimen. Suppression of ovarian activity was more pronounced in the 23-day regimen. 17-beta-estradiol serum levels during the last 6 days of a cycle and during the first 6 days of the next cycle were significantly less (p 0.05) in the 23-day regimen. The superiority of the 23-day regimen in comparison to the 21-day regimen with regard to the suppression of ovarian activity was shown. The observed differences in the 17-beta-estradiol levels and follicular development between the 21-day and 23-day preparations suggest that shortening the pill-free interval in combined oral contraceptives may increase the contraceptive safety margin in women on low-dose formulations.
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PMID:Shorter pill-free interval in combined oral contraceptives decreases follicular development. 884 82

Results of a large multicentered clinical trial of a new contraceptive vaginal ring show that the new ring may be about as effective as oral contraceptives but with fewer side effects. The ring, which is a little smaller than a 75 mm diaphragm and has a Silastic inner core and outer tubing, is avilable in 2 sizes (50 mm or 58 mm) and contains a middle layer with a steroid mixture of estrogen and progestin. Both types of ring contain about 100 mg levonorgestrel and 50 mg estradiol. Ovulation is suppressed by the steroids in the ring. The ring is placed in the vagina for about 3 weeks and then removed for 1 week. Withdrawal bleeding occurs when the ring is removed. Comparative studies of the effectiveness of the ring and a pill (Nordette, which contains 150 mcg levonorgestrel and 30 mcg estradiol) show that after a year's use, both type of contraceptives had a pregnancy rate of about 3 pregnancies per 100 users. Ring users had higher continuation rates than pill users (50/100 women for the ring vs. 30/100 for the pill). Reasons for discontinuation for the ring include occurrence of vaginal discharge, vaginitis, and menstrual problems. Ring users had lesser incidence of nausea and headache compared to pill users; they also did not experience an increase in angiotensinogen levels or blood pressure. Another advantage of the ring is its once-a-month administration. Investigators are still testing the best method for using the ring. However, as testing is not yet complete, application for approval by the Food and Drug Administration may take quite some time.
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PMID:Trials point to effectiveness of new vaginal ring. 1227 58

208 Swiss and Finnish women took the progestagen-only minipills megestrol acetate .5 mg, chlormadinone acetate .5 mg, or D-norgestrel .03 mg for an average of 5 months. Withdrawal bleeding lasted longer, 5.2-5.3 days (mean) than with conventional pills, 4.6 days. Nausea occurred less frequently, 8.5% in the 1st cycle compared with 25%. Loss of libido was reported about as often as with sequential pills. Breakthrough bleeding at intervals of 21 days or less happened in 225 wi th chlormadinone, 28% with norgestrel, and 8% with megestrol. Spotting was reported in 27% of the cycles on megestrol, 18% on chlormadinone, and 14.5% on norgestrel. The time interval from 1 withdrawal bleeding to the next averaged 29.1 days with megestrol, 25.6 days with chlormadinone, and 24.5 days with norgestrel. The variance of this interval was comparable to the 3 progestagens, but about half as large in Finnish women as in Swiss, indicating that the dose used was too high in the Swiss population.
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PMID:[Experience with three minipills preparations with low dose progestagens for oral contraception]. 1230 10