Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of Cafergot P-B with that of its components, Cafergot, pentobarbital, and Bellafoline, and with placebo for the treatment of migraine. Patients with vascular headaches of the migraine type who regularly experienced nervous tension and some form of gastrointestinal distress with their headaches were randomized to one of five treatment groups. They were given treatment packets containing their assigned drug for use during two separate migraine attacks. Patients made pretreatment evaluations of the following symptoms: head pain, nervous tension, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal cramps, and photophobia. They made posttreatment evaluations of these symptoms 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 hours after ingesting their assigned drug. Improvement scores were calculated from the differences between the pretreatment and the posttreatment ratings. Patients also made a final global assessment of their drug's efficacy. All patients who took at least one dose of the study medication and completed a baseline evaluation and at least one postdose evaluation of severity of pain were included in the analysis (n = 254). The comparisons of particular interest were those between Cafergot P-B and Cafergot and between Cafergot P-B and placebo. Cafergot P-B was significantly more effective than Cafergot in relieving head pain at hours 2 and 3, nervous tension, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and photophobia. Cafergot P-B was significantly more effective than placebo in relieving head pain, nervous tension, nausea (second headache only), vomiting, and photphobia. The incidence of reported adverse effects was no greater with Cafergot P-B than with Cafergot; however, patients given Cafergot P-B reported less vomiting than did patients given Cafergot. The results of this study show that addition of pentobarbital and Bellafoline to Cafergot provides greater relief of pain, vomiting, nervous tension, photophobia, and other symptoms associated with migraine, while reducing the severity of the nausea that may accompany a migraine headache or Cafergot therapy.
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PMID:Symptomatic relief of migraine: multicenter comparison of Cafergot P-B, Cafergot, and placebo. 249 84

Many theories exist on the pathogenesis of migraine. However, the clinical picture of migraine is agreed on universally as a familial disorder characterized by recurrent attacks of headache that are variable in intensity, frequency, and duration. The attacks are usually unilateral and often associated with anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. Migraine therapy is complex and difficult, focusing on abortive and prophylactic regimens. General therapeutic measures, including diet and establishing schedules for meals and sleeping, may benefit many migraineurs. A variety of medications, including ergotamine, propranolol, the calcium channel blockers, antidepressants, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been beneficial in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. Ergotamine is the drug of choice in the abortive treatment, although other agents, such as the NSAIDs, have been used successfully. Inpatient therapy in a specialized unit for headache patients may be indicated for the recidivist patient, the patient habituated to analgesics or ergotamine, or the patient with the mixed headache syndrome, i.e., migraine occurring with coexistent muscle contraction headaches.
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PMID:Migraine headache. Its diagnosis and treatment. 252 Mar 83

Subcutaneous GR43175 was examined in patients with acute migraine for efficacy, tolerability and safety in an open, controlled, dose-ranging study. Ten patients with acute, non-medicated, migraine (15 attacks) were assessed for severity of headache and associated symptoms (nausea, vomiting and photophobia). GR43175 plasma samples were monitored serially after dosing. Doses of 2 mg or 3 mg gave rapid relief of all migraine symptoms. Thirteen attacks (86%) had either resolved completely or improved to a mild non-migraine residual headache within 40 min. Treatment was well tolerated at all doses, the only adverse effects being transient pain on injection. Peak plasma concentrations were obtained within 10-20 min; a decline in plasma drug concentration did not result in a relapse in headache severity.
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PMID:Initial clinical experience with the use of subcutaneous GR43175 in treating acute migraine. 254 88

Data from a community-based study of 3811 persons aged 65 years and older were used to describe the characteristics of headache in the elderly. Subjects were asked whether they experienced headache in the past year, the frequency and severity of their headaches, and whether they experienced three symptoms of migraine: unilaterality, nausea or vomiting, an aura preceding the headache. Prevalence of headache in those aged more than 65 years declined with age in both men and women; women had a higher prevalence in each age group. The same was true for frequent, severe, and migrainous headache. We examined age- and sex-adjusted correlations of headache with several medical and social factors. Prevalence of any headache was strongly associated with joint pain, depression, bereavement, waking during the night, use of eyeglasses, symptoms of temporomandibular joint dysfunction, and self-assessment of health. Similar variables were associated with frequency, severity, and migrainous symptoms, and thus could not be distinguished among these various types.
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PMID:Correlates of headache in a population-based cohort of elderly. 259 19

Headaches affecting 117 insulin-dependent diabetic patients were studied. 50 developed 3 varieties of headaches associated with clinical hypoglycaemic episodes: (1) Brief headaches, contemporaneous with cerebral and autonomic symptoms, were relieved within minutes of ingesting carbohydrates (8 patients). (2) Prolonged headaches outlasting hypoglycaemic symptoms by 1-48 (average 4.3) hours, not relieved by food, occurred in 36 patients; 12 of these also had nausea, vomiting or photophobia. (3) Migraine headache. 11 of the 117 patients were migraineurs: in 6 of the 11 their typical migraines (2 classical and 4 common) were induced by hypoglycaemic episodes. 9 of the 50 had 2 types of headaches, easily distinguished by each subject. In the whole series of 117 patients, 9 had never had a headache in their life. The remainder had headaches associated with premenstrual tension, anxiety, alcohol or other causes.
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PMID:Headaches in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. 261 15

"Cervicogenic headache" (CEH) is a strictly unilateral constant dull, dragging, boring background pain of varying intensity which does not alternate sides and persists for a few hours to several days. It is triggered or intensified by head movements, and typically radiates from the neck to the fronto-temporal region. Occasionally, the ipsilateral shoulder and arm are also affected, with no definite radicular pattern. There is overall restriction of head movements. Ipsilateral accompanying symptoms may include conjunctival injection, lacrimation and lid edema. Migraine-like symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, sound and light sensitivity, and ipsilateral visual blurring may occur, as well as dizziness and difficulties in swallowing. A C2-blockade always leads to temporary pain relief. The possible pathophysiology of CEH, and its differential diagnosis are discussed.
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PMID:[Cervicogenic headache. An over- or underdiagnosed headache syndrome?]. 265 Dec 54

In an open multicenter study involving 420 patients lisuride proved to be an effective and well-tolerated migraine prophylactic. In 61.4% of the patients the frequency of migraine attacks was reduced by more than 50% during the 3 month treatment period; the severity and duration of remaining attacks were markedly reduced. In the overall assessment, the effect was regarded as good to excellent in 69.7% of the patients and tolerance was good to excellent in 94.2%. The most common side effects were nausea (4.0%), vertigo (3.1%), drowsiness (1.4%). Prognostic criteria for the response to lisuride could not be identified.
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PMID:[Lisuride for the prevention of migraine. Results of a multicenter study]. 269 77

Identification of 5-HT receptor subtypes--5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1C, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2 (possibly A and B), 5-HT3 subtypes, and possibly 5-HT4--has encouraged the manufacture of 5-HT receptor inhibitors with greater subtype specificity. However, it appears that the receptors interact, and drugs initially thought to be specific may have multiple actions. For some conditions such as anxiety/depression, almost all receptors are implicated. Clinical studies provide clear evidence that manipulation of the 5-HT system has a role in treating depression, anxiety, obsessional illness, migraine, and eating disorders. Interactions between the various receptor subtypes make it difficult to identify specific clinical functions. The 5-HT1A receptors may be involved in aggression, anorexia, and hypotension. The 5-HT1B receptors may be involved in aggression, while the 5-HT1C receptors may play a role in central aversion systems and anxiety/depression. The role of the 5-HT1D receptors remains speculative; 5-HT2 receptors appear to be involved in depression, anxiety, appetite, sleep, vasoconstriction, and hypertension. Many drugs that are effective in treating migraine are potent 5-HT2 antagonists. 5-HT3 antagonists at high doses are effective in treating nausea and at low doses in treating anxiety. Treatment of aggression, suicidal behaviour, addiction behaviour, memory impairment, dementia, and schizophrenia with 5-HT inhibitors requires further testing.
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PMID:Is there a relationship between serotonin receptor subtypes and selectivity of response in specific psychiatric illnesses? 269 41

This article serves as a summary of the principles of prescription, hormone content, minor side effects, prescriptions for atypical individuals and significant drug interactions for oral contraceptives. There are 5 principles for prescribing oral contraceptives: the lowest possible dose should be given that is effective and produces the least side effects: adequate instructions should be given about the mode of action, taking the medication and possible side effects; adequate instructions about managing missed pills should be given; adequate supervision and explanations should be given if side effects occur; remember that each woman is different and idiosyncratic reactions to different formulations can occur. Possible side effects include: breakthrough bleeding, amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, breast fullness and tenderness, nausea, chloasma, depression, acne, migraines and weight gain. Certain individuals such as epileptics, diabetics, women over 35 and women who have recently given birth need special care. Rifampicin, the phenytoins and barbiturates can all decrease the effectiveness of oral contraceptives. Oral contraceptives may effect the action of anticoagulants, antidiabetic agents and imipramine.
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PMID:Choosing an oral contraceptive. 307 12

Detailed interview information was obtained from 515 women in connection with a Swedish-Norwegian comparative investigation on possible connections between use of oral contraceptives (OCs) and premenopausal breast cancer. The Norwegian data was reviewed to ascertain the occurrence of mild side effects and how these side effects influence the use of OCs. In all, 63% of those interviewed had used OCs. Side effects were reported in 55.6% of the 629 use periods. The most frequent side effects were weight gain (17.8%), irregular menses (14.0%), nausea (8.9%) and tender breasts (8.8%). The respondents also reported depression, aggressiveness, decreased libido, headache and migraine. Differences in side effects were found for various OCs depending upon quantity of hormone and composition. Estrogen related complaints such as tender breasts and weight gain increased in relation to the estrogen dosage in the pill. Users of the minipills often reported irregular menses. Reports of psychological problems were relatively evenly distributed but users of minipills reported significantly lower rates of side effects for such complaints. Although relatively few use periods were reported for triphasic pills, these also appear to be involved with a number of side effects. 2 out of 5 women who began taking OCs reported that they had to stop because of side effects. This reduced the value of OCs as an effective and easily obtainable means of contraception.
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PMID:[Mild side-effects of oral contraceptives]. 320 63


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