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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Organic, physiologic, and psychologic causes of dysmenorrhea are presented. Signs and symptoms include pelvic fullness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, urinary frequency, nervousness, and headaches. Primary dysmenorrhea has been treated with analgesics, diuretics, and antispasmodics. Androgen therapy was also found to be effective, but it cannot be used for women who have acne or hirsutism. Surgery is rarely indicated for primary dysmenorrhea.
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PMID:Primary and membranous dysmenorrhea. 36 Apr 2

Dysmenorrhea means not only uterine pain in the lower abdomen and back, but in many cases headaches, depression, perspiration, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, mostly during the first 12-48 hours of menstruation. Primary dysmenorrhea begins at a young age, and some investigators have stated that 50% all of women suffer from dysmenorrhea. No gynecological cure has been found. The socioeconomic consequences are substantial due to absences from school and work. It was previously believed that dysmenorrhea was caused by hormonal imbalance, but there is now evidence that it could be caused by prostaglandins in the menstrual blood. When prostaglandins are administered, the aforementioned side effects of dysmenorrhea are experienced. Since the 1960s, oral contraceptives (OCs) have been administered with success. If for some reason OCs are not advisable, there are very few effective alternatives. Dydrogesterone, a retroprogesterone derivative, does not slow down ovulation, but has to be taken for several weeks of the month just like the pill. Several inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis are available, but naproxene is the best. It is the longest acting, requiring administration only 2 times/day. It works immediately and can be taken when needed. Because it is used only when needed, there is a minimm of side effects from long-term use. It should not be used by women under 16 years of age. Side effects of all prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors are nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The use of calcium is also advised and warrants further study.
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PMID:[Primary dysmenorrhea: current insights in etiology and treatment]. 642 13

The physiology of primary dysmenorrhea and its treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents are reviewed. Primary dysmenorrhea involves incapacitating pelvic pain associated with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Currently, it is thought to be caused by an overproduction of prostaglandins that are released as the endometrium degenerates. Since the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents are one class of antiprostaglandin agents, they are frequently prescribed for the relief of dysmenorrhea. Naproxen and naproxen sodium have both been shown to be superior to placebo in subjective and objective assessments of dysmenorrheic patients when administered at the onset of symptoms. Indomethacin studies demonstrate its efficacy over placebo, but the frequency of side effects at the doses used (25-50 mg t.i.d.) diminish its usefulness. Few placebo-controlled studies have been published on ibuprofen, but the studies that have been performed show that ibuprofen is more beneficial than placebo for treating dysmenorrhea with a low incidence of side effects. The fenamates appear to be effective in dysmenorrhea, although they were not studied extensively with placebo and previous experience with mefenamic acid has led to warnings about side effects. Phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone have been found to be effective; however, their use has been less frequent since the introduction of the newer less toxic nonsteroidal agents. Comparative studies of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents have not indicated that one agent is more effective than the others. Until further well-controlled comparative research is performed, any of the agents reviewed would be an appropriate choice in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.
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PMID:Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. 676 92

Dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation), which can be primary or secondary, is a common gynecological problem. Primary dysmenorrhea (normal gynecological finding) is caused by increased production of uterine prostaglandins. Namely, under the influence of hormonal changes and vegetative factors at the end of a menstrual cycle, in numerous girls and women with a normal gynecological finding, vasoconstriction in small uterine arteries and endometrial ischemia occur, resulting in excessive prostaglandins synthesis in endometrial cells. Local effect of prostaglandins on the uterus is manifested by painful uterine contractions during menstruation. Prostaglandins can cause general symptoms too (headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, urinary frequency) because they are released from endometrial cells and they reach the systemic circulation (increased plasma levels of prostaglandins, particularly F2 alpha prostaglandin). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are established as initial therapy for women with primary dysmenorrhea; besides that, oral contraceptives and other prescription drugs are taken into consideration as well as different forms of complementary therapy. In 20-25% of cases, the reduction of pain is not achieved by use of standard therapy. Clinical experiences have shown that significant pain regression during a menstrual cycle has been often achieved by the use of spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) indicated in women with primary dysmenorrhea with coexisting functional disorders of lumbosacral (LS) spine. Namely, by activation of the nociceptive and vegetative system, LS spine disorders, before all segmental dysfunction and degenerative changes, can induce referred pain and reflex disturbances of pelvic organs (somatovisceral reflexes). Since significant improvement or disappearance of pain during a menstrual cycle is often achieved with adequate therapy of coexisting vertebral disorders in women with primary dysmenorrhea, it is important to recognise latent or manifest vertebral disorders in dysmenorrheic women using clinical examination.
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PMID:[Dysmenorrhea induced by lumbosacral spine disorders. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy with special emphasis on spinal manipulative therapy]. 2003 Feb 92

Primary dysmenorrhea, which affects from 43 to 91% of adolescent girls, is defined as painful uterine cramps that precede and accompany menses. Primary dysmenorrhea is related to an overproduction of uterine prostaglandins which induces myometrium hypercontractility and arterioral vasoconstriction, both involved in painful menstrual cramps. In addition, headache, nausea, asthenia, irritability and school absenteeism are frequently reported and need to be quantified through a clinical score. Despite its relevant impact on adolescent quality of life and availability of efficacious medication such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, only 15% of affected adolescents consult a physician for this pain syndrome. Pediatricians and gynecologists should thus be more actively involved in the diagnosis and treatment of adolescent primary dysmenorrhea.
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PMID:Adolescent dysmenorrhea. 2284 28

Dysmenorrhea is a common and frequently disabling condition among women of childbearing age. Based on results of large epidemiological studies, it is estimated that over a half of the population of young women suffers from dysmenorrhea. In spite of such a high frequency of this condition, its literature. Pain and lower abdominal cramps are among the most common causes for gynecological referral. Dysmenorrhea is sometimes associated with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, fever, headache, back pain, and dizziness. The exact cause of the disorder is not completely understood. However, there are many known factors that play significant roles in the pathogenesis of dysmenorrhea. The most important are: excessive uterine contractility, disturbances in uterine blood supply, synthesis of prostaglandins and anatomical abnormalities of the female reproductive tract. Primary dysmenorrhea refers to painful menstrual bleedings in the absence of any detectable underlying pathology. Secondary dysmenorrhea represents the clinical situation where menstrual pain can be related to an underlying disease, disorder, or structural abnormality either within or outside the uterus. Unexplained mechanisms and multiple factors involved in the pathogenesis of primary dysmenorrhea indicate a vivid need for further studies on this subject.
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PMID:[Etiopathogenesis of dysmenorrhea]. 2374

Dysmenorrhea, or painful menstruation, is a common cause of acute pelvic pain that affects approximately two-thirds of women who are postmenarchal in the United States. Dysmenorrhea pain is frequently severe enough to disrupt daily activities and often accompanied by other symptoms, such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, and dizziness. Primary dysmenorrhea is likely due to an excess of prostaglandins and is traditionally treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hormonal therapy. Secondary dysmenorrhea can have multiple origins and requires targeted therapy. Currently, musculoskeletal dysfunction and psychosocial factors are not listed as causes of secondary dysmenorrhea. The authors present a case in which the cause of secondary dysmenorrhea was thought to be related to both musculoskeletal dysfunction and emotional stress. Osteopathic manipulative treatment and lifestyle changes helped resolve secondary dysmenorrhea.
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PMID:Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment and Psychosocial Management of Dysmenorrhea. 3259 62