Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cefprozil (CFPZ, BMY-28100), a new oral cephalosporin, was evaluated for its antibacterial activity and clinical efficacy. Thirty-four patients were treated with 7.7-36.2 mg/kg per day of CFPZ divided into 3 times. A total of 33 patients including 3 with acute pneumonia, 2 with acute bronchitis, 17 with acute upper respiratory tract infections, 4 with urinary tract infections, 1 with suppurative lymphadenitis and 6 with other soft tissue infections were evaluated for clinical efficacy except for 1 patient whose general conditions were too serious to continue to be treated with orally medication. Clinical effects were excellent in 8 patients and good in 23 but 2 cases were excluded because they were suspected for viral infections, hence the overall efficacy rate was 100%. Bacteriological responses were confirmed on 6 (66.7%) strains which were eradicated by the treatment out of 9 strains identified. CFPZ showed stronger antibacterial activities than those of cefaclor. Side effects or abnormal laboratory test results were observed in 2 patients; nausea and pallor of face in 1 patient and an increase of eosinophil in 1. The above findings suggest that CFPZ is a safe and useful antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections in pediatric patients.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of a new oral cephalosporin, cefprozil, in pediatrics]. 128 81

In this double-blind study, 319 patients (133 men, 186 women) with acute bronchitis were randomly assigned to receive 200 mg of loracarbef twice daily (n = 160; mean age, 42 years) or 250 mg of cefaclor thrice daily (n = 159; mean age, 43 years) for seven days. Clinical and bacteriologic responses were assessed in 63 loracarbef-treated and 56 cefaclor-treated patients in whom pretreatment positive cultures of pathogens susceptible to loracarbef and cefaclor were found. Among these evaluable patients, a clinical cure was found in 68.3% of the loracarbef-treated patients and in 66.1% of the cefaclor-treated patients and improvement in 27.0% and 28.6%, respectively; the pathogen was eliminated in 7.9% and 10.7% and presumed eliminated in 82.5% and 82.1%, respectively. Three in the loracarbef group discontinued treatment because of adverse events, two of which (nausea, nausea/diarrhea/vomiting) were presumably related to the drug. Headache was reported by 9.4% of the 160 patients in the loracarbef group and 6.9% of the 159 patients in the cefaclor group; diarrhea by 5.6% and 6.9%, respectively; and dyspepsia/abdominal pain/gastrointestinal disorders by 5.6% and 4.4%, respectively. It is concluded that both loracarbef and cefaclor are safe and effective in the treatment of acute bacterial bronchitis.
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PMID:Loracarbef (LY163892) versus cefaclor in the treatment of acute bacterial bronchitis. 157 25

Cefteram pivoxil (CFTM-PI), a new ester type cephem antibiotic, was administered at a daily dose of 600 mg to 81 patients with respiratory infections. They included 4 cases of laryngopharyngitis, 5 cases of tonsillitis, 26 cases of acute bronchitis, 13 cases of pneumonia, 10 cases of chronic bronchitis, 1 case of diffuse panbronchiolitis, 14 cases of infected bronchiectasis and 8 cases of infected other chronic respiratory diseases. Clinical effects were excellent in 18 cases, good in 50 cases, fair in 7 cases, and poor in 6 cases, thus, the efficacy rate was 84.0%. Nausea was observed in 2 cases, and diarrhea, vertigo, or fever was observed in 1 case each. The elevation of GOT and GPT values were found in 4 cases and a slight elevation of total bilirubin value was found in 1 case. These adverse reactions, however, were slight in their grades. CFTM-PI appears to be a useful oral cephem antibiotic in the treatment of respiratory infections.
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PMID:[Clinical studies on cefteram pivoxil in the treatment of respiratory infections]. 219 16

Oral and/or parenteral amoxycillin was used to treat 52 young and adult patients suffering from moderately severe to severe bronchitis, bronchopneumonia or acute lobar pneumonia. The mean time between onset of disease and start of treatment was 3.8 days. Patients received doses of amoxycillin ranging from 375 mg to 1 g 2 to 3-times daily depending on the severity of the condition for a mean of 6.4 days. There was complete resolution of clinical symptoms such as fever, cough and pleural pain after 3 days in all but 3 of the patients. Response was considered excellent or good in 77% of patients and satisfactory in 14%. Mild to moderate side-effects such as urticaria and nausea were reported in 8 patients but were not severe enough to interrupt treatment. Overall, amoxycillin was considered to be effective in 82% and partially so in 11% of the patients treated.
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PMID:[Oral and parenteral amoxicillin in the treatment of pneumonia and acute bronchitis]. 259 21

A health survey of 2,039 persons in 606 households located near the Stringfellow Hazardous Waste Disposal site, Riverside County, California, and in a reference community was conducted to assess whether rates of adverse health outcomes were elevated among persons living near the site. Data included a household questionnaire, medical records of reported cancers and pregnancies, and birth and death certificates. The study areas appeared similar with respect to mortality, cancer incidence, and pregnancy outcomes. In contrast, rate ratios were greater than 1.5 for 5 of 19 reported diseases, i.e., ear infections, bronchitis, asthma, angina pectoris, and skin rashes. Prevalence odds ratios for 23 symptoms were uniformly greater than 1.0, and 8 symptoms had odds ratios greater than 1.5: blurred vision, pain in ears, daily cough for more than a month, nausea, frequent diarrhea, unsteady when walking, and frequent urination. The apparent broad-based elevation in reported diseases and symptoms may reflect increased perception or recall of conditions by respondents living near the site. These results indicate that future community-based health studies should include medical and psychosocial assessment instruments sufficient to distinguish between changes in health status and effects of resident reporting tendency.
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PMID:A health study of two communities near the Stringfellow Waste Disposal site. 317 89

"Environmental tobacco smoke" (ETS) is the term used to characterize tobacco combustion products inhaled by nonsmokers in the proximity of burning tobacco. Over 3800 compounds are in tobacco smoke, many of which are known carcinogens. Most ETS exposure is from sidestream smoke emitted from the burning tip of the cigarette. Sidestream smoke is hazardous because it contains high concentrations of ammonia, benzene, nicotine, carbon monoxide, and many carcinogens. Nonsmokers chronically exposed to ETS are believed to assume health risks similar to those of a light smoker. Children of parents who smoke have more respiratory infections, more hospitalizations for bronchitis and pneumonia, and a smaller rate of increase in lung function compared to children of parents who do not smoke, particularly during the first year of life. Among adults with preexisting health conditions such as allergies, chronic lung conditions, and angina, the symptoms of these conditions are exacerbated by exposure to ETS. The acute health effects among healthy adults include headaches, nausea, and irritation of the eyes and nasal mucous membranes. The evidence for a relationship between ETS and cancer at sites other than lung is insufficient to draw any positive conclusions. For lung cancer, studies have consistently shown an excess risk between 10% and 300%, with a summary relative risk of 1.3 (95% confidence interval = 1.1-1.5). A dose-response relation is suggested but difficult to assess completely. Histologic types of lung cancer are generally similar to those most closely associated with active smoking, although other histologic types have also been found. Both excess relative risks and the dose responses are underestimates of the true excess risk and of the range of dose-response effect. Although the temporal relationship between exposure and disease occurrence is established, many questions are unanswered. The findings are consistent with many known biologic effects of active smoking and are partially analogous to the biologic effects of direct smoke inhalation. As many as 5000 nonsmokers are estimated to die annually from lung cancer as a result of exposure to ETS. There is great potential for prevention of these premature deaths. The two major preventive actions are (a) eliminating the source by reducing the amount of direct smoking and (b) limiting the level of exposure by restricting where tobacco can be smoked. Specific preventive actions include smoking cessation, smoking prevention, restriction of advertising, increased taxation on tobacco, and adoption of stringent nonsmoking policies in the workplace, schools, and public places.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Health hazards of passive smoking. 328 40

Erythromycin acistrate (EA)--a new ester of erythromycin--was compared with erythromycin base as enterocoated pellets in capsules (EB enterocapsules) and enterocoated tablets of erythromycin base (EB enterotablets) in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. The present double-blind, multicentre study, conducted in eight occupational health centres, included 474 patients; 236 treated with EA, 117 with EB enterocapsules and 121 with EB enterotablets. The diagnoses included tonsillitis, sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis and pneumonia. The patients were examined on admission and at the end of the treatment. The dosage of EA was 400 mg tid and that of the two erythromycin base preparations 500 mg tid. The treatment was given for seven to 14 days. In the EA-group, 97% of patients were clinically cured by the end of the treatment, while the cure rates for EB enterocapsules and EB enterotablets were 95% and 94%, respectively. Gastrointestinal side effects were reported by 36% of the patients on EA, 54% on EB enterocapsules and 50% on EB enterotablets. Discontinuations due to adverse effects occurred in 8% in the EA, in 21% in the EB enterocapsule and in 12% in the EB enterotablet groups. All three preparations were thus equally effective, but EA caused statistically significantly less gastrointestinal side effects overall (P less than 0.01), especially nausea (P less than 0.01) and abdominal pain (P less than 0.05), than the two formulations containing erythromycin base. Also discontinuations due to side effects occurred statistically significantly less frequently in the EA-group.
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PMID:Treatment of respiratory tract infections with erythromycin acistrate and two formulations of erythromycin base. 339 72

Fifty-two patients with serious respiratory infections were treated with orally administered ciprofloxacin; 42 patients were evaluable for the efficacy analysis and all were evaluable for determining adverse reactions. Cures were achieved in 24 patients with infections (14 with bronchitis, 10 with pneumonia) caused by Hemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Branhamella catarrhalis, and pathogens were rapidly eradicated from respiratory secretions. Seventeen patients had infections (seven bronchitis, 10 pneumonia) caused by Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa; many of these patients were critically ill and were enrolled in the study because their pathogens were resistant to multiple drugs or because their infections had not responded to alternate antimicrobial therapy. All patients had favorable clinical responses, and members of the Enterobacteriaceae were rapidly eradicated from respiratory secretions. However, five of 12 strains of P. aeruginosa persisted during treatment; minimal inhibitory concentrations for these strains increased 4- to 16-fold as infections continued to resolve. One patient with Staphylococcus aureus infection also showed a response. Ciprofloxacin probably caused nausea, vomiting, or both in three of the 52 patients and possibly contributed to similar symptoms in another three patients (6 to 12 percent). Other possible adverse reactions, including central nervous system symptoms, were also observed but were not clearly drug-related.
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PMID:Efficacy and safety of oral ciprofloxacin in the treatment of serious respiratory infections. 355 37

The clinical effectiveness and safety of cefotiam (CTM) in infectious diseases in the field of otorhinolaryngology was evaluated from 30 patients (otitis media 18, pharyngeal infection 4, chronic paranasal sinusitis 1, esophagitis 1, acute bronchitis 1, others 4). Side effect (fever, nausea) was found in a 14 years old male patient. Skin test revealed positive in 1 patient. These cases were excepted from evaluating clinical effectiveness of CTM. In 28 patients, the overall ratio of clinical effectiveness was 60.7%. In patients of otitis media, the clinical effectiveness ratio was 41.2%, whereas the ratio was 75.0--100% in patients of other diseases. In particular, the clinical effect was fair or poor in patients to whom the drug was given only once a day. These results suggest that this chemotherapeutic drug should be administered at least twice a day, particularly to the patients of otitis media. The bacteriological response to CTM was evaluated from 53 strains, isolated from 28 patients before treatment. Eradication rate of bacteria was 60.4%. No abnormal laboratory findings, relating to the drug, were observed after treatment.
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PMID:[Clinical effect of cefotiam on otorhinolaryngologic infections]. 632 44

The chemistry, microbiology, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic use, adverse effects, and dosage of amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate, a beta-lactamase-resistant antibiotic combination, are reviewed. Clavulanic acid is a "suicide" inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has been effective in preventing destruction of penicillins by these enzymes. Clavulanic acid alone has weak antibacterial activity against most organisms. After oral administration, clavulanic acid is rapidly absorbed; amoxicillin appears to increase its absorption. Absorption of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid is not affected by food. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid is effective in treating both acute uncomplicated and complicated urinary-tract infections and exacerbations of chronic bronchitis caused by amoxicillin-resistant organisms in adults. It appears to be comparable in efficacy to cefaclor for treating uncomplicated urinary-tract infections in adults and children, acute bronchitis and bronchopneumonia, and acute sinusitis, otitis media, and skin and soft-tissue infections in children. Other infections for which the combination has been effective include cellulitis and intra-abdominal and pelvic sepsis caused by mixed aerobic/anaerobic organisms. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid has also successfully cured urethritis in men caused by penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae and is superior to amoxicillin alone for beta-lactamase-positive Haemophilus ducreyi infections (chancroid). Diarrhea or loose stools is the most common side effect seen with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; nausea, vomiting, and skin rash may also occur. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may be lessened by taking the combination with food.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate, a beta-lactamase-resistant antibiotic combination. 639 83


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