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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Staphylococcus aureus produces many extracellular products often referred to as toxins, some with definite disease-causing potential. The enterotoxins A through E are common causes of acute food poisoning characterized by a short incubation period after ingestion of performed toxin followed by nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The epidermolytic toxins (A, B) are absorbed from a local site of colonization or infection and affect the granular cell layer of skin to cause the painful erythroderma and desquamation of the scalded skin syndrome. Other unique S. aureus strains produce one or more products that appear to be formed at sites of focal infection (wound infection, vagina during menstruation and tampon use) with systemic absorption and generalized effects resulting in toxic shock syndrome.
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PMID:Staphylococcal toxin syndromes. 315 68

Literature data on current methods of induced abortion during the 2nd trimester are reviewed with special emphasis on the use of intraamniotic administration of hypertonic saline solution. A 20% saline is injected during amniocentesis either intra-abdominally or through the vagina; the optimum time period for pregnancy termination is 21-23 weeks of gestation. In the majority of patients, miscarriage occurs within 24-36 hours. The incidence of complications after administration of 20% saline ranges from 1.7-2.18%. Complications include hypernatremia, hemolysis, anuria, coma, seizures, incomplete abortion, hemorrhage, and inflammatory pelvic disease. Contraindications for pregnancy termination using hypertonic saline include cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system diseases, kidney diseases, late pregnancy toxemias, presence of postoperative cicatrix on the uterus, and placenta previa. The mechanism of abortifacient action of hypertonic saline may be associated with stimulation of the synthesis of endogenous prostaglandins (PG). The findings that PG can stimulate uterine contractions prompted clinical trials of PG as abortifacient agents. Longterm iv administration of PGF2 alpha and PGE during 2nd trimester was found to be associated with serious complications (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, phlebitis at the site of vein puncture). For this reason, the method of iv administration of PG was abandoned. Intra-amniotic administration of PGF2 alpha (40-50 mg) was shown to induce abortion in 82-91% of the patients within 48 hours after injection. The incidence of hemorrhage and rupture of the cervix uteri after PG administration was significantly greater than that after saline injection. The intramuscular and vaginal administration of synthetic PG alone or in combination with Laminaria was shown to provide the most effective and safe method of induced abortion during the 2nd trimester.
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PMID:[Artificial termination of pregnancy in late periods]. 332 84

The efficacy of intravaginal administration of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2alpha) in induction of abortion was determined in a clinical trial of 16 gravidas aged 21-38, parity 0-4, between the 6th-11th weeks of pregnancy. PGF2alpha tablet (50 mg) was inserted into the posterior fornix of the vagina and repeated at 1-2 hour intervals; dose range varied from 50-250 mg. Slight to severe labor-like pain was felt by all patients in the lower abdominal region 20 minutes-4 hours after PGF2alpha administration. Vaginal bleeding occurred within 30 minutes-8 hours. In all but 1 case, the fetus and the villi were expelled broken into small pieces. All 16 patients aborted, 7 completely and 9 incompletely. This form of administration is deemed efficacious as 3 patients aborted completely within 5 hours and 4 aborted completely between 15-18 hours. Bleeding in most cases occurred following the onset of abdominal pain, 30 minutes-8 hours after treatment. In another clinical trial, the efficacy of intravaginal administration of PGF2alpha in inducing menstruation was tested in 10 volunteers aged 31-40. Either 50 or 25 mg PGF2alpha tablets were used. The patients recorded their basal body temperature (BBT) every morning. Menstruation was successfully induced in 6 of 10 patients. 6 patients treated 2-3 days before the expected date of menstruation had menstrual-like bleeding 1-9 hours after PGF2alpha administration. 3 patients treated 5, 7, and 13 days (a day before BBT shift) before the expected date of menstruation did not have vaginal bleeding. 1 patient, with monophasic BBT who was treated 3 days before the expected menstruation, did not have menstrual bleeding. Amount of induced flow was more or less the same in most patients; duration of flow was normal in all cases. The mechanism of action of PG in menstruation induction is not known. The authors speculate that PGF2alpha mechanically stimulates separation of the superficial endometrium from the remainder of the uterine wall when the endometrium is in the premenstrual state. Side effects noted were nausea, diarrhea, pyrexia, slight flushing of the face, and headache.
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PMID:The induction of abortion and menstruation by the intravaginal administration of prostaglandin F 2a . 470 6

The safety, efficacy, and acceptability of menstrual regulation with prostaglandin (PG) El vaginal suppositories was investagated in 534 women whose menses was delayed up to 8 weeks from the last menstrual period. 5 suppositories, each containing 1 mg of 16,16 dimethyl-trans-delta 2 PG El methyl ester, were inserted high in the vagina at 3 hour intervals. The success of treatment was assessed by 2 alternate criteria: 1) induction of bleeding, or 2) induction of bleeding and no surgical intervention. The success rate was 98.9% according to the 1st criterion and 86% according to the 2nd criterion. The mean duration of bleeding after treatment was 6.7 days. 47.9% of women experienced moderate bleeding and 43.8% reported heavy bleeding following treatment. Surgical intervention (curettage or vacuum aspiration) was required in 74 of the 528 bleeding cases and in 1 of the 6 nonbleeding cases with positive signs of pregnancy. The surgical intervention was performed because bleeding was considered to be either excessive or prolonged. Side effects tended to manifest themselves between the 1st and 2nd administration of suppositories. Abdominal cramps occurred in 66% of subjects; other side effects were minimal, including vomiting (2.8%), headache (5.8%), nausea (7.8%), and diarrhea (8.8%). These findings suggest that menstrual regulation with PGE1 suppositories is a safe method with the advantages of ease of administration, reversibility, a high success rate, acceptable bleeding duration, only mild side effects, and induction of menses without the need for surgical intervention. The simplicity of vaginal administration offers potential for self-treatment. Use of this method of menstrual regulation could be especially advantageious in countries with restrictive abortion laws. Single administration of a suppository, or parenteral administration, could improve the acceptability of this method.
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PMID:Menstrual regulation with prostaglandin (Pg ONO 802) in Indonesia. 615 28

A case control study to assess the effect on the cervix of inserting a pessary containing the prostaglandin analogue, 16,16-dimethyl-trans-delta 2 prostaglandin E1 methyl ester (Cervagem), into the vagina 2 hours prior to suction curettage was undertaken at the National Woem's Hospital in Uckland, New Zealand. Previous investigaors found that pretreatment of the cervix with Cervagem 3 hours prior to termination reduced cervical damage by making it easier to dilate the cervix. In order to facilitate termination procedures in a busy outpatient clinic, the pesent investigation was undertaken to determine if the treatment time could be reduced to 2 hours and still be effective. The study group consisted of 110 consecutively admitted primigravid patients, aged 14-35, at 6-12 weeks gestation. A randomized supply of 55 placebo pessaries and 55 active pessaries containing 1 mg of Cervagem were inserted, and temperature, pluse, and blood pressure measurements were taken just prior to insertion and then hourly. Prior to termination the patients received an injection of 50-100 ug fentanyl and paracervical block of 10-20 ml of 1% lignocaine was used as a local anesthesia. An assessment of the ease of dilation was made just prior to the operation, and blood loss during the procedure was measured and recored. Chi-square and t-test techniques were used to anaylyze the data. Results indicated that the Cervagem treatment significantly increased the ease of dilation but that the degree proceeded the operation by 3 hours. Spkecific findings were: 1) the mean dilation just prior to termination was 5.8 mm in the Cervagem treated group and 4.9 mm in the control group; 2) mechanical dilation was requred for 49 of the treated women and for 54 of the controls, and the difference was significant (P0.05); 3) dilation was difficult or moderately difficult in 17 of the treated women and in 28 of the placebo patients, and this difference was significant (P0.02); and 4) blood loss during the operation was significantly less for the treated group than for the untreated group (P0.02). Preoperative side effects in the Cervagem treated group were more common than in the control group, but none of the effects were serious. Postoperative complaints of abdominal cramping were significantly more common among the treated patients than among the control (P0.001); however, there were no differences between the 2 groups in regard to the incidence of postoperative pain, nausea, or diarrhea.
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PMID:Controlled study of 16,16-dimethyl-trans-delta 2 prostaglandin E1 methyl ester vaginal pessaries prior to suction termination of first trimester pregnancies. 638 25

A preliminary trial was conducted to test the possibility of using intravaginally a contraceptive tablet manufactured for oral use to achieve ovulation suppression. 12 women who could not continue with oral contraceptives (OCs) because of gastrointestinal complaints and/or nausea volunteered to participate. All subjects discontinued oral use of tablets for at least 2 months prior to the vaginal administration. Condoms were provided for use during the interim period. Patients were instructed to manually place in the vagina either 1 (4 subjects) or 2 tablets (8 subjects) daily for 21 days. Progesterone blood levels remained at preovulatory levels, below 2 ng/ml, throughout the treatment period, indicating that ovulation was suppressed in all subjects. Levels of 17beta-estradiol (32) which showed considerable variation during the control cycle remained low during the treatment cycle. Withdrawal bleeding occurred 2-5 days following the last tablet and lasted 3-5 days, as in normal menstruation. In patients inserting 1 tablet, intermenstrual spotting was common, but in those inserting 2 tablets daily no spotting occurred. 5 of 6 subjects who complained of nausea during OC use reported no nausea during the period of vaginal administration. These patients requested vaginal administration as a regular contraceptive method.
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PMID:Ovulation suppression in women following vaginal administration of oral contraceptive tablets. 681 33

Clotrimazole, a tritylimidazole and a new antimicrobial agent, produced itching and irritation of the vulva and vaginal area in less than 1% of the population (N = 131) studied. No abdominal cramps, headache or lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea were observed when 200 mg of clotrimazole was inserted deep in the vagina for several days.
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PMID:Clinical toxicology of clotrimazole when administered vaginally. 700 34

An open prospective observational study was performed, aiming to measure symptom severity following operative gynaecological laparoscopy and explore any associated factors. Women having concomitant procedures were excluded. Each woman had standardized analgesia, completed a symptom diary for 7 days postoperation, and had a standardized form completed by the surgeon detailing the operation. Back pain, nausea and vaginal pain were found to not be of clinical significance. Cutting major vessels, ligaments, vagina or ovary had major impacts on postoperative symptoms. In the presence of a standardized analgesic regimen, symptoms did not resolve for at least 5 days.
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PMID:Factors associated with pain following operative laparoscopy: a prospective observational study. 952 98

The effectiveness of vaginal misoprostol pretreatment in first-trimester abortion was compared with that of the standard gemeprost pretreatment regimen in a prospective randomized study conducted at Helsinki City Maternity Hospital (Finland) during 1996-97. 188 women scheduled for vacuum aspiration abortion were assigned to undergo cervical priming with a vaginally applied 200 mcg tablet of misoprostol for at least 4 hours (n = 95) or a 1 mg gemeprost vaginal suppository for at least 3 hours (n = 93). The mean duration of prostaglandin pretreatment was 221 minutes in the gemeprost group and 288 minutes in the misoprostol group. 14% of women in the gemeprost group and 5% in the misoprostol group needed pain medication. There were no uterine perforations, cervical ruptures, or incomplete evacuations in either group. Nausea and diarrhea were significantly more frequent in the gemeprost group. The effects of the two analogues were similar in terms of cervical softening, as determined by baseline cervical dilatation, and the presence of blood in the vagina. Overall, the misoprostol treatment was found to be as effective as the more costly gemeprost regimen, with even fewer side effects. Use of a 400 mcg vaginal dose of misoprostol could be considered to reduce the time required to reach peak plasma concentrations.
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PMID:Comparison of vaginal misoprostol and gemeprost as pre-treatment in first trimester pregnancy interruption. 1064 82

The objectives of the present clinical study were to evaluate the safety and efficacy of misoprostol (Cytotec) self-administered into the vagina for medical abortion in adolescents under the age of 18 years. After obtaining written consent from the patients and parents or guardians, a group of 150 adolescents with gestations between 35 and 63 days received 800 microg of vaginal misoprostol every 24 h, up to a maximum of three main doses, for abortion. Outcomes assessed included successful abortion (complete abortion without surgery), side-effects, decrease in hemoglobin, mean time of vaginal bleeding, mean expulsion time and mean time for the return of menses. Complete abortion occurred in 133/150 (88.7%, 95% confidence interval 82-93) patients. The frequencies of nausea, vomiting and diarrhea were statistically significantly higher when compared to those obtained for adult females. Vaginal bleeding lasted for 12.7 +/- 5.7 days (median 12 days, range 1-23 days). The mean expulsion time was 6.8 +/- 2.4 h (median 6 h, range 3-14 h) for those who aborted after the first misoprostol dose. The mean time for the return of menses, for those who aborted with misoprostol, was 34.7 +/- 3.4 days. The mean decrease in hemoglobin was statistically significant (p = 0.001), but had no clinical relevance. Taking into account the high abortion rate obtained, we could conclude that misoprostol alone is a valid method for terminating unwanted pregnancies in adolescents under the age of 18 years.
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PMID:Misoprostol for abortion up to 9 weeks' gestation in adolescents. 1124 49


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