Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The acylureidopenicillins azlocillin and mezlocillin cover a broad spectrum of bacteria, including gramnegative and grampositive species as well as anaerobes. Azlocillin is especially active against P. aeruginosa. Mezlocillin has a good activity against Klebsiella. Both antibiotics inhibit Hemophilus, N. meningitidis and D. pneumoniae in low concentrations. Clinical and kinetic studies were made in more than 300 pediatric patients. Elimination-constant halflife, distribution volume and area under the curve were determined to propose dosage recommendations. Concentrations of azlocillin (44) and mezlocillin (77) were measured in the bronchial secretions. Up to hour 5 after i.v. injection a wide range of concentration values were observed. Azlocillin was found in the meconium in different concentrations after a single injection into the newborn. Mezlocillin diffused into the CSF even in uninflamed meninges, 3 h after injection the mean concentrations were 5.5 mg/l. 39 patients, 35 of them infected by P. aeruginosa, were treated by azlocillin. Urinary tract infections, wound infections and dacryocystitis were cured with one exception. Less convincing were the results in complicated bronchopulmonary diseases. The clinical efficacy of mezlocillin was similar. In a group of 59 patients there were only 3 without effect and some with improvement again in complicated pulmonary diseases. Side effects worth to be mentioned were not seen. In 2 patients the azlocillin injection caused nausea. Mezlocillin led to some minor transitory elevations of the transaminases and dyspepsia in some patients.
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PMID:[Experiences using acylureido-penicillins (azlocillin, mezlocillin) in pediatrics]. 669 39

Augmentin, a formulation of amoxycillin trihydrate 250 mg and sodium clavulanate 125 mg per tablet (A-CS) (Augmentin; Beecham), was used in treating 29 episodes of urinary tract infection occurring in 26 patients admitted to the Spinal Unit of the H. F. Verwoerd Hospital, Pretoria. Patients who had a urinary bacterial cell count of more than 105 of the same amoxycillin-resistant organism before and after the oral administration of amoxycillin 500 mg 3 times a day for 48 hours, received 2 A-CS 375 mg tablets orally, 3 times a day at the start if a meal for 5 days. The 29 strains of amoxycillin-resistant organisms treated in this study were: Escherichia coli (11), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11), Proteus mirabilis (4), Enterobacter cloacae (2), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (1). The bacteriological success rate 24 hours after therapy was 100% and 8 days after therapy 69%, dependent on patient management. In patients on free drainage and managed with condoms a bacteriological success rate of 55,5% was recorded and in patients managed by intermittent catheterization a bacteriological success rate of 75% was recorded. Side-effects were minimal; 1 patient complained of dizziness and no instances of nausea or vomiting were reported. Haematological, renal and hepatic monitoring before and after A-CS-therapy revealed no drug-related toxicity.
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PMID:[Treatment with amoxicillin and clavulanic acid of urinary tract infections in patients with spinal injuries]. 697 6

Antibiotic use was evaluated retrospectively in 1229 patients of a university hospital (Basle, Switzerland). The frequency with which antibiotics were prescribed, the indication, duration of treatment, side-effects and clinical results were compared in relation to various subspecialities. 38.1% of medical, 36.4% of surgical and 24.4% of gynecological patients received one or more antibiotic during hospitalization. The main indications for antibiotic treatment were respiratory infection (57.8%) and urinary tract infections (21%) in medical patients, prophylaxis (38%) and urinary tract infections (23%) in surgery, and urinary tract infections (43%) and adnexitis or endometritis (23%) in gynecology. Amoxycillin or penicillin G were the first-line drugs for respiratory infection, cotrimoxazole for urinary tract infection and cefalothin or cefacetrile for surgical prophylaxis. Patients with endometritis or adnexitis usually received clindamycin in combination with an aminopenicillin. Aminoglycosides were employed in only 9.5% of antibiotic courses. Information on adverse reactions in the records was scanty, only generalized exanthem (13 cases) and nausea/vomiting (2 cases) being specifically mentioned. The therapeutic result was classified by the responsible physician as cure in 50.8% or definite improvement in 16.4% of patients. However, in 118 cases (29.7%) the contribution of antibiotics to the clinical outcome could not be evaluated retrospectively.
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PMID:[Use of antibiotics in hospitalized patients. Comparison of medical, surgical and gynecological units]. 720 74

We discuss the case of a 24-year-old black woman at 33--34 weeks gestation, who after intravenous injection of Talwin presented with the following symptom complex: pyrexia, nausea, vomiting, shaking, chills, headache, myalgias, polyarthralgias, severe abdominal pain and "contractions." This symptomatology presents a complex diagnostic problem. Systematic laboratory evaluation eliminated more common etiologies, i.e., sub-acute bacterial endocarditis, HAA + hepatitis, placental abruption, chorioamnionitis, and urinary tract infection. The Talwin had been filtered through cotton ball. History plus exclusion of other etiologies led to the diagnosis of "cotton fever." The available literature is reviewed, and the importance of recognizing this entity when servicing a pregnant population with a high rate of drug abuse is discussed.
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PMID:Cotton fever and pregnancy. A confusing clinical problem. 721 12

After the development of monophasic combined oral contraceptives (COCs), containing a fixed dose of estrogen and progestogen, biphasic and triphasic COCs were introduced in the 1980s; in these the dose of ethinyl estradiol and progestogen changes during the pill cycle. In the so-called every day pills, the 21 pills of active steroid combination are followed by 7 inactive pills containing starch, iron, or bran. Method failures of OCs are among the lowest ranging from 0.2-1/100 woman-years. User failures can be as high as 6.2/100 women-years. The individual difference in peak plasma levels of estrogens in women taking identical OCs can be 10-fold. Conditions that affect the bioavailability of contraceptive steroids are: 1) drug interaction (vitamin C, drugs that induce liver enzymes, and antibiotics); 2) vomiting; 3) vegetarianism; 4) missing pills; and 5) malabsorption. Metabolic effects of COCs pertain to carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, hemostasis, and vitamins. Prescribing of COCs involves counseling clients about contraindications to COCs, starting routines, and the pill-free interval, as well as follow-up and monitoring, the problem of missing pills, and selection criteria for OC use. Medical conditions in which COC use requires special consideration are sickle cell disease, trophoblastic disease, HIV disease, gallstones, epilepsy, valvular heart disease, oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, and surgery. Side effects of COCs may include depression, nausea, vomiting, headaches, urinary tract infection, and lower genital tract infections. 6 months after stopping the OC 1% of users become amenorrheic. Many of the common causes of amenorrhea, such as weight loss amenorrhea and polycystic ovarian disease, may be treated with the COC until the couple desires to have a baby. The new progestogens desogestrel, norgestimate, and gestodene are highly selective compared to first and second generation progestogens.
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PMID:Combined oral contraceptives: acceptability and effective use. 832 4

Patients were entered in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study to compare low- and high-dose fleroxacin with norfloxacin for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infection (UTI). A total of 296 patients were enrolled; 102, 97, and 97 patients were randomized to receive 200 mg of fleroxacin (low-dose), 400 mg of fleroxacin (high-dose), both once daily, or 400 mg of norfloxacin twice daily, respectively, for 10 days. Of these patients, 101, 94, and 95 were included in the safety analysis, and 71, 61, and 58 in the efficacy analysis. The main reason for exclusion from the efficacy analysis was failure to isolate a pathogen at baseline. The groups were comparable with respect to demographics. In the low-dose fleroxacin group, 68 (96%) of 71 patients had bacteriologic cures (eight with superinfection), compared with 56 (92%) of 61 in the high-dose fleroxacin group (two with superinfection) and 52 (90%) of 58 in the norfloxacin group (four with superinfection). Escherichia coli was the most frequent isolate in all groups. In the low-dose fleroxacin group, clinical cure was recorded in 61 (86%) of 71, improvement in six, and failure in four. In the high-dose group, clinical cure was noted in 58 (95%) of 61 patients, improvement in two, and failure in one. In the norfloxacin group, 50 (86%) of 58 patients were clinically cured, four were improved, and four failed. Clinical adverse events were reported by 22 (22%) of 101, 36 (38%) of 94, and 19 (20%) of 95 patients in the low-dose fleroxacin, high-dose fleroxacin, and norfloxacin groups, respectively. Insomnia and nausea were reported most frequently in the fleroxacin groups, and nausea and headache were most common in the norfloxacin group. The efficacy and safety of low-dose fleroxacin are comparable to those of norfloxacin for treatment of complicated UTI.
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PMID:Randomized double-blind trial of high- and low-dose fleroxacin versus norfloxacin for complicated urinary tract infection. 845 63

Fleroxacin, 400 mg once daily, and norfloxacin, 400 mg twice daily, both administered orally, were compared for the treatment of serious urinary tract infections (UTIs). In total, 301 patients from multiple centers who had serious UTIs were randomized to receive fleroxacin or norfloxacin in a double-blind study. The demographic parameters of the two groups were similar. A total of 190 patients were evaluable for efficacy, 94 in the fleroxacin group and 96 in the norfloxacin group. The reasons for exclusion from the efficacy analysis were not significantly different in the two groups, but more patients receiving fleroxacin were prematurely withdrawn from the study. The majority (134) of the diagnoses were complicated UTI, and the pathogens were primarily Enterobacteriaceae. The clinical responses were cure or improvement in 98% of the fleroxacin group and 92% of the norfloxacin group and failure in 2% of the fleroxacin group and 7% of the norfloxacin group. The bacteriologic results by infection were cure in 98% of the fleroxacin group and 89% of the norfloxacin group (including cure with superinfection in 4% of the fleroxacin group and 5% of the norfloxacin group) and failure in 2% of the fleroxacin group and 11% of the norfloxacin group. Adverse events were more common in the fleroxacin group and were mostly nausea, insomnia, and headache. Fleroxacin, 400 mg once daily, was as effective as norfloxacin, 400 mg twice daily, in eradicating UTIs but was associated with more adverse events.
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PMID:Fleroxacin versus norfloxacin for oral treatment of serious urinary tract infections. 845 64

Cephalosporins are one of the mainstays of antibiotic therapy, and third-generation cephalosporins are first-line agents for the treatment of many types of serious infections, including those of nosocomial origin. Gaps in activity of currently available third-generation cephalosporins such as cefotaxime, cefoperazone, ceftriaxone, and ceftazidime, and increasing reports of gram-negative bacilli resistance to some of these agents, especially Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp., make it necessary to investigate new compounds. Cefepime, a fourth-generation cephalosporin with a wide range of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including multi-resistant strains of Enterobacteriaceae, was evaluated in comparison with ceftazidime for the treatment of serious infections in hospitalized patients. Ceftazidime is a commonly prescribed third-generation cephalosporin used for empiric treatment of serious infections such as pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and skin and skin-structure infection. This investigation was an open, randomized comparative study involving 882 patients in North America. Cefepime 2 g every 12 hours demonstrated similar efficacy to that of ceftazidime 2 g every 8 hours for the treatment of pneumonia and urinary tract infection (including cases associated with concurrent bacteremia), and skin and skin-structure infections. The bacteriologic responses were generally >85%. The most common pathogens isolated were Escherichia coll, Streptococcus pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus, group B. Overall, approximately 94% of pathogens isolated in pretreatment cultures were susceptible to cefepime and ceftazidime. Cefepime and ceftazidime were well tolerated; only 3% of patients in each group discontinued therapy because of an adverse event. The most common adverse events were headache, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, pruritus, and rash. The results of this study indicate that cefepime is a promising, effective, and safe single-agent therapy for serious infections in hospitalized patients.
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PMID:Clinical applications of a new parenteral antibiotic in the treatment of severe bacterial infections. 867 98

The experience with ofloxacin used for 10 years from 1986 to 1995 in the complex therapy of 208 patients with wound infection complicated in 51 patients (24.5 per cent) by respiratory tract infection such as purulent tracheobronchitis or pleuropneumonia was generalized. In 28 patients (13.5 per cent) persistent bacteriuria not susceptible to the routine drugs was stated. The clinical and bacteriological efficacies of ofloxacin in the group of the patients with noncomplicated purulent wounds of the soft tissues amounted to 85-91 and 74-80 per cent respectively. In the group of the patients with wound infection complicated by respiratory or urinary tract infection the clinical and bacteriological efficacies equaled 94-100 per cent. The appetite disorder, epigastric pain or nausea were rare. Only in 3 cases the adverse reactions required the treatment discontinuation. Despite the use of ofloxacin for many years, the susceptibility of the main causative agents of surgical infections to the drug remained high: Staphylococcus epidermidis 93.3 per cent, Staph.aureus 94.5 per cent, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 96.5 per cent, Escherichia coll 100 per cent, Proteus spp. 100 per cent, Enterobacter spp. 100 per cent, Acinetobacter spp. 82.3 per cent and Klebsiella spp. 88.8 per cent. The successive use of ofloxacin, at first intravenously for 3-5 days and then orally in the form of tablets for 3-5 days, in the treatment of 15 patients with wound infections of various genesis and localization subjected to osteoplastic reconstructive operations provided positive effects in all the cases and was economically advantageous.
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PMID:[Ten-year experience with the use of ofloxacin in the treatment of wound infection]. 900 92

To evaluate the nutritional, metabolic and immune effects of dietary arginine, glutamine and omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil) supplementation in immunocompromised patients, we performed a prospective study on the effect of immune formula administered to 11 severe trauma patients (average ISS = 24), 10 burn patients (average % TBSA = 48) and 5 cancer patients. Daily calorie and protein administration were based on the patient's severity (Stress factor with the range of 35-50 kcal/kg/day and 1.5-2.5 g/kg/day, respectively) Starting with half concentration liquid immune formula through nasogastric tube by continuous drip at 30 ml/h and increasing to maximum level within 4 days. The additional energy and protein requirement will be given either by parenteral or oral nutritional support. Various nutritional, metabolic, immunologic and clinical parameters were observed on day 0 (baseline), day 3, 7, and 14. Analysis was performed by paired student-t test. Initial mean serum albumin and transferrin showed mild (trauma) to moderate (burn and cancer) degree of malnutrition. Significant improvement of nutritional parameters was seen at day 7 and 14 in trauma and burn patients. Significant increase of total lymphocyte count (day 7, P < 0.01), CD4 + count (day 7, p < 0.01), CD8 + count (day 7, p < 0.0005 & day 14, p < 0.05), complement C3 (day 7, p < 0.005 day 14, p < 0.01), IgG (day 7, and 14, p < 0.0005), IgA (day 7, p < 0.0005 & day 14, p < 0.05), in all patients. C-reactive protein decreased significantly on day 7 (p < 0.0005) and day 14 (p < 0.005). 3 cases of burn wound infection, one case of UTI and one case of sepsis were observed. Two cases of hyperglycemia in burn, 3 cases of hyperbilirubinemia in trauma, 10 cases of elevated LFT (5 trauma/5 burn), and one case of hyponatremia in cancer patients were observed. Two cases of nausea, 4 cases of vomiting, 5 cases of diarrhea (< 3 times/day), 2 cases of abdominal cramp, 1 case of distension were observed. The feeding of IMMUNE FORMULA was well tolerated and significant improvement was observed in nutritional and immunologic parameters as in other immunoenhancing diets. Further clinical trials of prospective double-blind randomized design are necessary to address the so that the necessity of using immunonutrition in critically ill patients will be clarified.
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PMID:Metabolic and immune effects of dietary arginine, glutamine and omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in immunocompromised patients. 962 33


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