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 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It is proposed that the new American and European AIDS epidemics are caused by recreational and anti-HIV drugs rather than by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Chronologically, the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s followed a massive escalation in the consumption of recreational drugs that started in the 1960s and 70s. Epidemiologically, both epidemics derive about 80% of their victims from the same groups of 20-44 year-olds, of which 90% are males. In America 32% of these are intravenous drug users and their children, about 60% are male homosexuals who are long-term users of oral aphrodisiac drugs and an unknown percentage are prescribed the cytotoxic DNA chain terminator AZT, as inhibitor of HIV. Direct evidence indicates that these drugs are necessary for HIV-positives and sufficient for HIV-negatives to develop AIDS diseases. The drug-AIDS hypothesis predicts correctly that: (i) AIDS is new in the US, because the drug epidemic is new, while the HIV epidemic is old--fixed at a constant 1 million Americans since 1985; (ii) despite an increase in venereal diseases, AIDS remains restricted to long-term drug users and small groups with clinical deficiencies; (iii) over 72% of AIDS occurs in 20-44 year-old males, because they make up over 80% of hard psychoactive drug use; (iv) distinct AIDS diseases correlate with the use of distinct drugs, eg Kaposi's sarcoma with nitrite inhalants, tuberculosis with intravenous drugs, and leukopenia, anemia, and nausea with AZT; (v) AIDS diseases are only acquired after long-term drug consumption, rather than after single contacts as the virus-hypothesis predicts. The drug hypothesis can be tested epidemiologically and experimentally in animals. It predicts that most AIDS can be prevented by stopping the consumption of drugs, and provides a rational basis for therapy.
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PMID:The role of drugs in the origin of AIDS. 142 Oct 32

In vitro and animal investigations have demonstrated the antimycobacterial activity of some fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin, but information regarding their clinical usefulness in mycobacterial infections is sparse. This article presents treatment results of 11 patients with tuberculosis and 4 with atypical mycobacterial infections. They were treated with combinations of ciprofloxacin and one or two other antituberculosis agents. Susceptibility of the infecting organisms to ciprofloxacin was determined in 14 of the 15 patients: in 12 of them, minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged between 0.31 and 1.25 micrograms/mL, suggesting a good level of activity. Serum concentrations of ciprofloxacin, sampled one hour after dosing and measured by a specific HPLC assay, revealed considerable variability (range 0.22-8.41 micrograms/mL). Serial plasma samples taken under controlled conditions suggested that a decreased rate of absorption was responsible for low one-hour concentrations in one of the subjects. Adverse reactions to ciprofloxacin were few and included nausea in four patients, crystalluria in one, and febrile reaction in another. A satisfactory response in terms of clinical and radiologic improvement, bacteriologic conversion, and absence of relapse was seen in 13 of the 14 patients who completed an adequate course of therapy. A controlled clinical trial of this promising antimycobacterial agent is needed.
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PMID:Ciprofloxacin in patients with mycobacterial infections: experience in 15 patients. 165 44

A 71-year-old man developed weight loss, nausea, and night sweats. A PPD skin test was positive; chest films were normal. Abdominal computerized tomography revealed a mass in the head of the pancreas. Laparotomy revealed a 3 cm by 5 cm multi-loculated abscess cavity. Cultures grew Mycobacterium tuberculum. The diagnostic criteria for abdominal tuberculosis include skin test positivity, localized disease, and culture verification. This is the first reported case that fulfills diagnostic criteria for primary pancreatic tuberculosis.
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PMID:Primary pancreatic tuberculosis. 180 32

Addison's disease is an uncommon endocrine condition manifested by a variety of nonspecific symptoms, such as malaise, anorexia and nausea. Symptoms usually do not occur until most of the adrenal gland has been destroyed. Autoimmune disease has surpassed tuberculosis as the primary cause of Addison's disease. Nevertheless, tuberculosis still accounts for a significant proportion of cases. The rapid adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test is useful for identifying adrenal insufficiency. Maintenance therapy consists of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone.
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PMID:Addison's disease. 200 21

Seven weeks after a generalized cerebral seizure a 27-year-old woman from Ghana developed nausea, vomiting and weight loss, gradually increasing over two weeks. Cranial computed tomography revealed several hyperdense formations with extensive associated oedema and a midline shift. Among extensive biochemical tests only a raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 24/50 mm and leukopenia of 2,600/microliters (with normal differential count) were notable. Diagnostic laparotomy was performed because of sonographic and computed tomographic evidence of enlarged abdominal lymph nodes. Histological examination of representative lymph nodes and of tiny nodules deposited on the peritoneum revealed caseous granulomatous inflammation. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was cultured from these specimens. Antituberculosis treatment was started with 0.3 g/d isoniazid, 0.6 g/d rifampicin, 2 g/d pyrazinamide and 1 g/d streptomycin, plus dexamethasone, 4 mg four times daily. After eight weeks treatment an intracerebral focus, removed to exclude neoplasm, proved histologically to be a tuberculoma. Only after four months was it possible to reduce the glucocorticoid dosage to prednisone, 20 mg/d. The antituberculosis treatment was continued for 18 months, with only isoniazid and rifampicin taken during the last 14 months. Final clinical and biochemical examinations were unremarkable. Computed tomography demonstrated regression of the abdominal lymph nodes and the cerebral foci. The patient was without any symptoms.
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PMID:[The manifestations of extrapulmonary tuberculosis]. 201 78

This is a report on 912 patients treated during 1973 to 1979 for pulmonary tuberculosis and/or extrapulmonary organ involvement. These patients had been treated with a fixed tablet combination of isoniacide, prothionamide and diaphenyl sulfone in association with rifampicin and partly other substances. It was the aim of our study to examine this form of therapy in respect of side effects and effectivity. 535 of these 912 patients were followed up for as long as 13 years (maximum follow-up period). According to the criteria of the American Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Association the patients were suffering from 182 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis of only slight extension, 490 of moderate extension and 130 of large extension, as well as 55 cases of pleuritis, 67 extrapulmonary organ tuberculoses and 1 tuberculosis of the bronchial mucosa. Allergic skin reactions occurred in 0.7% of the cases, and in 0.9% there were neurological disturbances such as vertigo, paroxysms and polyneuropathies. In 7.4% of the patients there was an increase in serum enzyme activities of SGOT, SGPT, Y-GT as a sign of hepatotoxicity. In 5.5% of the patients there were several gastrointestinal concomitant phenomena such as sensation of fullness, nausea, and vomiting. Under IPD therapy the hemoglobin valuedropped on the average by 12% up to the 5th or 6th week of treatment and rose subsequently to almost normal levels. No permanent damage was seen in any of the patients under observation. In the moderately extended tuberculosis cases disinfection occurred on the average between the 6th and 8th week of treatment, in the greatly extended cases on the average in the 9th to 13th week.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Short- and long-term results of tuberculosis therapy with a fixed combination of isoniazide, prothionamide and diaminodiphenylsulfone combined with rifampicin]. 211 30

A 69-year-old female was admitted because of a febrile state, somnolence, nausea and diarrhea. Addison's disease known to have developed several years earlier after adrenal tuberculosis suggested Addisonian crisis triggered by an acute infection. Therapy with steroids and substitution of electrolytes and fluid led to rapid improvement. Streptococcus bovis was identified as causative agent. The known association of this germ with cancer of the colon led to further investigation which revealed cancer of the sigmoid and incidental cancer of a salpinx. After surgical removal of both cancers, the patient has remained free of complaints under substitution of steroids.
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PMID:[Fever, somnolence, vomiting, diarrhea]. 212 19

A 58-year-old woman with tuberculosis received antituberculous drugs which included isoniazid, rifampicin, and ethambutol. Nausea and anorexia were initial symptoms while jaundice and abdominal pain were late manifestations. She became comatose and died 7 weeks after therapy. Autopsy revealed submassive necrosis of the liver and active advanced pulmonary tuberculosis. It is, thus, necessary for the physician to be alert for this serious complication in prescribing a combination of these antituberculous drugs.
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PMID:Isoniazid-rifampicin-induced submassive hepatic necrosis. 272 68

The patient presented in this paper had been stable for 3 months after the induction of hemodialysis, when nausea, vomiting and hepatomegaly suddenly developed. A chest film revealed rush cardiomegaly, and massive pericardial effusion was demonstrated by echocardiography. One liter of hemorrhagic fluid was removed by pericardiocentesis and subsequent pericardial drainage under echocardiography. The patient received chemotherapy against pulmonary tuberculosis 30 years ago and calcification on chest film was apparent. Although sputum smear and pericardial effusion was negative for acid-fast organisms, combination therapy was initiated for suspected tuberculosis. The patient recovered completely and 2 months later it was demonstrated that cultures of sputum grew mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculin skin test (PPD), which was negative 2 months previously, converted to positive. Tuberculosis must be considered as a potential cause of pericardial tamponade in patients on regular hemodialysis, and prompt therapy for both cardiac tamponade and the occult infection is warranted.
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PMID:Tuberculosis on regular hemodialysis--a case of pericardial tamponade. 276 29

The ascites retention as a complication after ventriculo-peritoneal shunting (V-P shunt) is very rare. In this paper, a case of central nervous cryptococcosis giving rise to ascites after a V-P shunt is presented. A 45-year-old female was referred to Prefectural Gifu Hospital complaining of nausea and disturbance of recent memory. She had no remarkable medical history. CT scan films on admission showed enlarged ventricles except for the fourth ventricle, indicating an obstructed hydrocephalus. Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examinations revealed an increase in cell counts (mostly lymphocytes) and protein content, and positive Pandy and Nonne-Apelt reactions. Based on this information, it was tentatively suggested that she had a certain infection in the central nervous system such as mycosis or tuberculosis etc. Continuous ventricular drainage was performed for about three weeks. During this period, several lumbar and ventricular CSF cultures were negative. Therefore, a V-P shunt operation was performed. However, about seven weeks after the V-P shunt, she developed abdominal distention without any peritoneal signs. Abdominal CT scan films showed an abnormal ascites retention. Laboratory tests revealed positive CRP and increased ESR values. Again, it was suggested that she had not only a central nervous but also a peritoneal infection giving rise to ascites. From samples of ventricular CSF and ascites, cryptococcus neoformans was cultured. The lumbar CSF revealed positive latex agglutination titer for cryptococcal antigen, although the culture was negative. The ascites examination revealed an increase in cell counts (mostly lymphocytes) and protein content, and positive Rivalta and Runneberg reactions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Central nervous cryptococcosis giving rise to ascites after ventriculo-peritoneal shunting--a case report]. 322 72


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