Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Laboratory and clinical comparative investigations with cefotiam (CTM) and cefazolin (CEZ) were performed to confirm efficacy and safety in surgical, biliary tract infections. The following results were obtained. 1) The MICs of CTM against organisms, 20 strains, which were isolated from bile of patients with cholecystitis, were studied, especially those of CTM against E. coli and Klebsiella were 0.2 - greater than or equal to 100 micrograms/ml and 0.1--12.5 micrograms/ml, respectively, considerably lower than those of CEZ. And moreover against CEZ-resistant Proteus morganii and Serratia marcescens, CTM showed potent activities, that is, MIC values, 12.5--50 micrograms/ml and 0.78 microgram/ml, respectively. 2) In cholecystectomized patients, 2 grams of CTM was injected intravenously, followed by determination of bile concentration in gallbladder, common bile duct and concentration of gallbladder and liver tissue about 2 hours after administration. The mean bile concentrations of CTM in gallbladder and common bile duct were 1,213.2 micrograms/ml and 1,287.8 micrograms/ml, respectively. The peak concentration of CTM was 2,919.0 micrograms/ml. The mean concentrations of CTM in gallbladder and liver tissue were 28.5 micrograms/g and 45.7 micrograms/g, respectively. On the other hand, the mean bile concentrations of CEZ in gallbladder and common bile duct were 138.7 micrograms/ml and 128.8 micrograms/ml, respectively. 3) Bile concentrations of CTM was compared with those of CEZ by crossover method. The concentration of CTM was 37.7 micrograms/ml even at 5 or 6 hours after 2 grams intravenously administration. CTM showed extremely higher concentration than CEZ in bile. 4) The clinical effect was studied in 6 cases of surgical, biliary tract infections. The results were excellent in 2 cases, good in 3 cases and poor in 1 case, and the clinical efficacy was 83%. 5) CTM was administered to 6 patients who showed negative to intracutaneous reaction test. Nausea, itching, and eruption were observed in each 1 case after intravenously administration of CTM 2 g, however these adverse reactions disappeared within several hours. Throughout the course of treatment, any unusual laboratory findings related to CTM were not observed.
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PMID:[Laboratory and clinical investigations of cefotiam in surgical biliary tract infections]. 629 Jun 99

One hundred and sixty-six patients with complicated and uncomplicated urinary tract infections were randomized to therapy with either 0.25, 0.50 or 1.00 g of ceftazidime im or iv twice daily for five days. Bacteriological data were complete in 138 patients. Escherichia coli caused 50% of all infections, Klebsiella and Enterobacter spp. caused 10.9%, Pseudomonas spp caused 10.9%, Proteus spp. caused 10.7%, and 8.7% were caused by other Gram-negative bacteria. Staphylococcus and Streptococcus spp. caused 9.4%. Cure rate was lowest in infections caused by Pseudomonas (53.3%) and Proteus spp. (64.3%); however, most of these infections were complicated. No significant dose-related difference in efficacy was observed, but the 0.25 g dose had the lowest cure rate in each category. Nausea was the only side effect. The most common laboratory abnormalities were elevated liver function tests. Minimal changes in haematological and renal function were seen.
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PMID:A random comparative trial of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g ceftazidime twice daily in urinary tract infection. 635 55

Augmentin, a formulation of amoxycillin trihydrate 250 mg and sodium clavulanate 125 mg per tablet (A-CS) (Augmentin; Beecham), was used in treating 29 episodes of urinary tract infection occurring in 26 patients admitted to the Spinal Unit of the H. F. Verwoerd Hospital, Pretoria. Patients who had a urinary bacterial cell count of more than 105 of the same amoxycillin-resistant organism before and after the oral administration of amoxycillin 500 mg 3 times a day for 48 hours, received 2 A-CS 375 mg tablets orally, 3 times a day at the start if a meal for 5 days. The 29 strains of amoxycillin-resistant organisms treated in this study were: Escherichia coli (11), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11), Proteus mirabilis (4), Enterobacter cloacae (2), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (1). The bacteriological success rate 24 hours after therapy was 100% and 8 days after therapy 69%, dependent on patient management. In patients on free drainage and managed with condoms a bacteriological success rate of 55,5% was recorded and in patients managed by intermittent catheterization a bacteriological success rate of 75% was recorded. Side-effects were minimal; 1 patient complained of dizziness and no instances of nausea or vomiting were reported. Haematological, renal and hepatic monitoring before and after A-CS-therapy revealed no drug-related toxicity.
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PMID:[Treatment with amoxicillin and clavulanic acid of urinary tract infections in patients with spinal injuries]. 697 6

From 108 cases of new daily persistent headaches, clinical or laboratory evidence was found suggesting extracranial or systemic infections in: 28 cases (25.9%) of gastrointestinal mainly Salmonella, 28 (25.9%) urinary Coli, 16 (14.8%) Streptococcal, 4 (3.7%) each of Epstein Barr virus or Toxoplasma, and 1 (0.9%) each of Herpes Zoster or pneumonia. A group of 26 (24.1%) showed high Proteus OX titer or clinical adenoviral involvement. All had normal neurological examinations plus selective negative neuroimaging or spinal taps. The mean headache duration was 13.8 days, and mean age 28.8 years. Prominent symptoms were fever in 37 (34.2%) cases, nausea/vomiting in 30 (27%) and vertigo in 17 (15.7%). Diarrhea, dysuria, and abdominal discomfort were rare. Headache was a solitary symptom in 36 (33.3%). The predominant sign was painful cervical lymphadenopathy in 61 (56.5%). These cases represent 1.2% of our 9060 neurology patients.
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PMID:Headache and painful lymphadenopathy in extracranial or systemic infection: etiology of new daily persistent headaches. 828 28

In a multicenter study the efficacy and safety of oral fleroxacin at 400 mg once a day and amoxicillin at 500 mg three times daily for 7 days were compared for the treatment of patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis due to drug-susceptible bacteria. A total of 194 patients were enrolled, 102 in the fleroxacin group and 92 in the amoxicillin group. Of those enrolled, 22 in the fleroxacin group and 30 (29 for clinical efficacy) in the amoxicillin group were included in the efficacy analysis. All were included in the safety analysis. Clinical success was noted in 21 (95%) of 22 fleroxacin-treated patients and 22 (76%) of 29 amoxicillin-treated patients. Bacteriologic cure was obtained in 21 (95%) of 22 of the fleroxacin group and 18 (60%) of 30 of the amoxicillin group. One Haemophilus parainfluenzae strain persisted with fleroxacin. Persisting organisms with amoxicillin included Haemophilus influenzae (four), Haemophilus parainfluenzae (three), Escherichia coli (two), Streptococcus pneumoniae (one), Neisseria species (one), and Proteus mirabilis (one). Adverse events were reported by 41% of 102 patients receiving fleroxacin and 15% of 92 patients receiving amoxicillin. Insomnia, dizziness, and nausea occurred more frequently with fleroxacin. Fleroxacin may be indicated for the treatment of acute bacterial infection in chronic bronchitis known to be due to Haemophilus species and Moraxella catarrhalis. The 92% incidence of resistance among the S. pneumoniae isolates recovered from all enrolled patients suggests that fleroxacin may not be useful for such infections.
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PMID:Efficacy of fleroxacin versus amoxicillin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. 845 69

Meropenem and imipenem/cilastatin were compared in an open, randomised prospective multicentre study in the treatment of acute exacerbations of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in hospitalised patients. One-hundred-and-seventy-three patients were enrolled; 164 were evaluable for clinical efficacy and 98 for bacteriological efficacy, with 144 pathogens isolated. The predominant pathogens were Haemophilus influenzae (n = 30), Streptococcus pneumoniae (18), Staphylococcus aureus (12), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11), Moraxella catarrhalis (8), other Gram-negative bacteria (Neisseria, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Enterobacter spp.) (53) and other Gram-positive bacteria (12). A single bacterial pathogen was identified in 61 patients, whereas two bacterial pathogens were isolated in 31 patients and three in six patients. The clinical response at the end of treatment was very high in both groups with a satisfactory outcome (cured or improved) in 97.6% of the meropenem patients and in 96.3% of the imipenem/cilastatin patients; at follow-up the rates were 89.1% and 89.8%, respectively. The bacterial success (eradication or presumed eradication) was 88.2% in the meropenem group and 89.4% in the comparator group. Nausea or vomiting were reported more frequently in patients treated with imipenem/cilastatin, whereas in the meropenem group an increase in aminotransferases was reported. One patient treated with imipenem/cilastatin was withdrawn from the study due to seizures. Meropenem and imipenem/cilastatin were highly effective for the treatment of severe bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis but meropenem was better tolerated.
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PMID:Treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in hospitalised patients--a comparison of meropenem and imipenem/cilastatin. COPD Study Group. 854 88

The experience with ofloxacin used for 10 years from 1986 to 1995 in the complex therapy of 208 patients with wound infection complicated in 51 patients (24.5 per cent) by respiratory tract infection such as purulent tracheobronchitis or pleuropneumonia was generalized. In 28 patients (13.5 per cent) persistent bacteriuria not susceptible to the routine drugs was stated. The clinical and bacteriological efficacies of ofloxacin in the group of the patients with noncomplicated purulent wounds of the soft tissues amounted to 85-91 and 74-80 per cent respectively. In the group of the patients with wound infection complicated by respiratory or urinary tract infection the clinical and bacteriological efficacies equaled 94-100 per cent. The appetite disorder, epigastric pain or nausea were rare. Only in 3 cases the adverse reactions required the treatment discontinuation. Despite the use of ofloxacin for many years, the susceptibility of the main causative agents of surgical infections to the drug remained high: Staphylococcus epidermidis 93.3 per cent, Staph.aureus 94.5 per cent, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 96.5 per cent, Escherichia coll 100 per cent, Proteus spp. 100 per cent, Enterobacter spp. 100 per cent, Acinetobacter spp. 82.3 per cent and Klebsiella spp. 88.8 per cent. The successive use of ofloxacin, at first intravenously for 3-5 days and then orally in the form of tablets for 3-5 days, in the treatment of 15 patients with wound infections of various genesis and localization subjected to osteoplastic reconstructive operations provided positive effects in all the cases and was economically advantageous.
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PMID:[Ten-year experience with the use of ofloxacin in the treatment of wound infection]. 900 92

The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of low-dose, long-term cefadroxil prophylaxis in preventing recurrent urinary tract infections in children. A prospective, randomized trial in 33 children (32 female, 1 male) aged 2-14 years (mean 8.1+/-2.8) was conducted. Children with recurrent urinary tract infections were commenced to six-month prophylaxis with cefadroxil at the dosage of 12.5-15.0 mg/kg at bedtime administered every night (group I, n=15) or alternate night (group II, n=18). Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated agent (90.9%), followed by Proteus mirabilis (3.0%) and Klebsiella oxytoca (3.0%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (3.0%). Cefadroxil prophylaxis was effective in 80% of patients in group I and in 78% patients in group II. Reinfection occurred in 3/15 (20%) patients in-group I and in 4/18 (22.2%) patients in-group II (odds ratio--1.14; 95% confidence interval--0.16-8.3). The difference of reinfection rate between the groups was not significant (p=0.88). The rate of day- and night-time wetting in both groups before prophylaxis of urinary tract infections was high. It decreased significantly at the end of prophylactic treatment with cefadroxil (from 42.4% to 9.1% and from 39.4% to 6.1% respectively). Mild adverse reaction (nausea) was observed in 1/33 patient. In conclusion our study shows that cefadroxil is an effective, well-tolerated and safe agent in the urinary tract infections prophylaxis. Prophylaxis of recurrent urinary tract infections in children with cefadroxil on alternate night regimen might reduce the cost of the treatment.
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PMID:[Long-term Cefadroxil prophylaxis in children with recurrent urinary tract infections]. 1276 22

Colistimethate sodium (Coly-Mycin) was used in the treatment of 17 patients: 13 had urinary tract infections (two of these had positive blood cultures), three had respiratory tract infections, and one patient had both urinary and respiratory tract infections. In nine of the 17 a foreign body-either a carcinoma, a catheter, or a stone-complicated the infection.The dosage used was 1.1-2.3 mg./lb./day with a maximum in one case of 2.4 g. given over an eight-day period. The organisms so treated included Pseudomonas, six; Aerobacter, six and E. coli, two. Both Pseudomonas and Aerobacter were encountered in three cases.On bacteriological grounds, six patients were cured, eight relapsed, and in three the infecting agent was replaced by another organism. The best responses were obtained in those patients with Pseudomonas infection. Side effects included nausea, vomiting, vertigo, paresthesias, and pain at the site of injection.Colistimethate sodium has a place in the treatment of Gram-negative infections excluding Proteus organisms.
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PMID:TREATMENT OF INFECTIONS WITH COLISTIMETHATE SODIUM (COLY-MYCIN). 1432 55

Cefetamet pivoxil is an oral, third-generation cephalosporin whose broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and favorable pharmacokinetic profile make it particularly suitable for the treatment of a wide range of infectious diseases. Cefetamet has high in vitro activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria that cause a number of respiratory tract and urinary tract infections. These include penicillin-sensitive Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus spp, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp. and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It is not active against staphylococci, enterococci, Pseudomonas spp. or Bacteroides fragilis but does inhibit most bile-sensitive (oral) Bacteroides spp. Animal toxicology studies indicate that neither cefetamet pivoxil nor the active compound cefetamet have significant teratogenic, mutagenic, photogenic or allergenic potential. Cefetamet is eliminated unchanged in the urine with a half-life of 2.2 h. Volume of distribution approximates the extracellular fluid space (0.3 1/kg), protein binding is minima (22%) and oral bioavailability of cefetamet pivoxil is approximately 50% when taken with food. No significant drug interactions have been noted to date. The efficacy and tolerability of cefetamet pivoxil have been evaluated in the treatment of gram-positive and gram-negative infections in almost 5,000 patients. In comparative studies, cefetamet pivoxil was at least as effective, and in many cases clinically superior, to most currently recommended antibiotics for the treatment of urinary tract infections including gonorrhea and complicated infections in high risk patients. Efficacy has also been demonstrated in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia and infections of the ear, nose and throat. Clinical trials have shown that a 7 day treatment period with cefetamet pivoxil is as effective as a 10 day course of phenoxymethylpenicillin in the treatment of pharyngotonsillitis. Cefetamet pivoxil has been well-tolerated in clinical trials with only 1.2% of patients on standard doses discontinuing therapy prematurely. The most common adverse effects are gastrointestinal (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting) which occur in less than 10% of patients. Many current antibiotic treatment regimens involve the administration of three or more daily doses. However, standard doses of cefetamet pivoxil 500 mg twice daily provide unbound plasma concentrations of cefetamet which generally exceed the MIC(90) for susceptible organisms throughout the dosing interval and have been demonstrated to be clinically effective. This should result in good compliance with therapy in out-patients. Dosing regimens for cefetamet pivoxil should be adjusted in patients with impaired renal function while standard doses can be given to elderly patients and those with liver disease. Standard doses in children are 10 mg/kg or alternatively, children may receive a dose reduced in proportion to the ratio of their body surface area to that of an adult.
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PMID:Cefetamet pivoxil: a review of its microbiology, toxicology, pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy. 1861 3


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