Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pituitary apoplexy is the most serious and life-threatening complication of pituitary adenomas. Most of the cases occur spontaneously but it may occur also after a number of events such as the pituitary stimulation tests. We report a case of acromegaly due to a giant pituitary adenoma in which pituitary apoplexy developed 88 hours after TRH/GnRH stimulation test. The patient had severe headaches, nausea, vomiting, visual disturbance and mental alteration and the computed tomography (CT) scans revealed intratumoral and intraventricular bleeding. The pituitary mass was removed by transsphenoidal approach. The patient developed pneumonia and died on the 9th postoperative day. Pituitary apoplexy was confirmed at surgery and on histological examination. Immunohistochemical staining was positive for GH and PRL. This case indicates that pituitary apoplexy may develop several days after TRH/GnRH stimulation test.
 ...
PMID:Pituitary apoplexy probably due to TRH and GnRH stimulation tests in a patient with acromegaly. 1090 71

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains a common and serious illness with approximately 2-4 million cases reported annually. Management of CAP is therapeutically challenging due to the increasing prevalence of penicillin- and macrolide-resistant pneumococci and beta-lactamase producing Haemophilus influenzae, as well as the increased recognition of 'atypical' pathogens, such as Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and the frequent need for empiric therapy. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of moxifloxacin in the treatment of patients with CAP. To do this we carried out a prospective, uncontrolled, non-blind, Phase III clinical trial, in 27 U.S. centers. Patients included in the study were over 18 years of age with signs and symptoms of CAP confirmed by evidence of a new or progressive infiltrate on chest radiograph. The intervention used was moxifloxacin 400 mg PO once daily for 10 days. Sputum samples were collected pretherapy for Gram stain and culture for typical organisms. Culture and serological testing for Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae was also performed. Susceptibility to moxifloxacin was determined by disk diffusion and MIC. Clinical and bacteriological responses were determined at the end of therapy (0-6 days post-therapy), follow-up (14-35 days post-therapy) and overall (end of therapy plus follow-up). Analyses were performed on both valid for efficacy and intent-to-treat populations. The primary efficacy variable was overall clinical resolution. Of 254 patients enrolled in the Study, 196 patients were included in the efficacy analyses. The majority of patients were male (58%) and Caucasian (85%) with a mean age of 49 years (range: 18 to 85 years). Only 3% of patients were hospitalized pretherapy. The most common pretherapy organisms identified, by culture or serology, in the valid for efficacy population (i.e. 147 organisms among 116 patients), were: Chlamydia pneumoniae (n=63; 54%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (n=29; 25%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=14; 12%) and Haemophilus influenzae (n=13; 10%). End of therapy, follow-up and overall clinical resolution rates for the valid for efficacy population were 94%, 93% and 93%, respectively. The 95% CI for the overall clinical resolution rate was 88.1%, 95.9%. The overall bacteriological response for patients diagnosed by culture or serological criteria, was 91% (95% CI=84%, 96%). For patients who only met serological criteria for infection, the overall bacteriological response was 94% (60/64). Bacterial response rates for the four most commonly isolated pathogens were: 89% (56/63) for C. pneumoniae, 93% (27/29) for M. pneumoniae, 93% (13/14) for S. pneumoniae and 85% (11/13) for H. influenzae. Drug-related adverse events were reported in 33% (85/254) of moxifloxacin-treated patients. Nausea (9%), diarrhea (6%) and dizziness (4%) were the most commonly reported adverse events. Atypical organisms were isolated in high frequency among patients with CAP. Moxifloxacin 400 mg once daily for 10 days was effective and well-tolerated in the treatment of these adult patients with CAP. Moxifloxacin offers an effective treatment alternative for CAP due to both typical and atypical bacterial pathogens.
 ...
PMID:Efficacy and safety of ten day moxifloxacin 400 mg once daily in the treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Community Acquired Pneumonia Study Group. 1071 13

The purpose of this work was to study the feasibility of concurrent chemoradiation in patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). 40 patients with inoperable NSCLC were treated with escalating doses of radiotherapy and cisplatin (cDDP). The radiation dose was increased step by step from 60.5 to 66 Gy in daily fractions of 2.75 Gy. Chemotherapy was also increased step by step from 20 to 24 daily doses of cDDP 6 mg/m(2) and given concurrently with radiotherapy. A dose of 40 Gy/2 Gy/20 fractions (fx) was given to the EPTV (elective planning target volume) which included the gross tumour volume with a margin of 2 cm and part of or the entire mediastinum. During each session a boost dose of 0.75 Gy was given simultaneously to the BPTV (boost planning target volume), which encompassed the GTV (gross tumour volume) with a margin of 1 cm, for the first 20 fx, so the total dose to the tumour was 55 Gy. Cisplatin 6 mg/m(2) was given 1 h prior to radiotherapy at each fraction. From then on the dose of radiation to the BPTV and the dose of cDDP were increased step by step. In group I the BPTV was irradiated with two extra fractions of 2.75 Gy to a total dose of 60. 5 Gy without cDDP. In group II the same total dose of 60.5 Gy was given but the last two fractions were combined with cDDP. In group III four extra fractions of 2.75 Gy were given to the BPTV to a total dose of 66 Gy, only two of these fractions combined with cDDP. Finally, in group IV a total dose of 66 Gy was given in 24 fractions, all fractions combined with cDDP. All patients were planned by means of a CT-based conformal treatment planning. The maximal length of the oesophagus receiving >/=60.5 Gy was 11 cm. 40 patients were evaluable for acute and late toxicity and for survival. Acute toxicity grade >/=3 (common toxicity criteria, CTC) was rarely observed; nausea/vomiting in 3 patients (8%), leucopenia in 2 patients (5%), thrombocytopenia in 2 patients (5%), whilst 2 patients (5%) suffered from severe weight loss. Late side-effects (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, EORTC/RTOG) were: oesophageal toxicity >/=grade 3 in 2 patients (5%) and radiation pneumonitis grades 1 (3%) and 2 (3%) in 1 patient each. Overall actuarial 1- and 2-year survival was 53% and 40%, respectively. The 1- and 2-year local disease-free interval was 65% and 58% respectively. Radiotherapy at a dose of 66 Gy/2.75 Gy/24 fx combined with daily cDDP 6 mg/m(2) given over 5 weeks is feasible and results in a good local disease-free interval and a good survival rate. This treatment schedule is at present being tested as one of the two treatment arms of EORTC phase III study protocol 08972/22973.
 ...
PMID:Toxicity of high-dose radiotherapy combined with daily cisplatin in non-small cell lung cancer: results of the EORTC 08912 phase I/II study. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. 1073 23

Topotecan is a topoisomerase I inhibitor with significant activity in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Pre-clinical data suggest a synergistic activity with DNA damaging agents such as cyclophosphamide, where topotecan might prevent the repair of cyclophosphamide-induced DNA damage. We thus designed a combination including cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m2 every 12 hours given on days 1 to 3; topotecan 1.25 mg/m2/day by continuous infusion on days 2 to 6, and cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) 2 g/m2 over 4 hours daily for 5 days on days 2 to 6 (CAT). Sixty six (63 evaluable) patients were treated. Fifty two patients had refractory (n=12) or relapsed (n=40) acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and eleven had acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) (refractory n=3, relapsed n=8); their median age was 57 years (range, 18 to 79 years). Eleven patients (17%) achieved a complete remission (CR), and two patients (3%) had a hematologic improvement (HI; met all criteria for CR except for platelets < 100x10(9)/L), for an overall response rate of 20%. Responses occurred in 12 of 52 AML patients (23%), including 10 CR (19%) and 2 HI (4%), and in 1 of 11 patients with ALL (9%). Myelosuppression was universal; there were 23 episodes of pneumonia or sepsis and 18 episodes of fever of unknown origin complicating 74 courses of CAT. Non-hematologic toxicity was mostly gastrointestinal, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and mucositis, but was severe in only 8%. In summary, the CAT regimen is well tolerated and has significant anti-leukemia activity which warrants further investigation.
 ...
PMID:Cyclophosphamide, ara-C and topotecan (CAT) for patients with refractory or relapsed acute leukemia. 1078 92

Digestive disorders in Legionella pneumophila pneumonia such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, are common; they are clinical arguments to suspect this bacteria to be responsible for this pneumonia. In this case-report, a patient with pneumonia due to Legionella pneumophila serogroup I presented in the follow-up with signs of enteritis with ascites. We looked ahead in literature who made us discover the multiple organ involvement that may happen in Legionnaires' disease. Diagnostic procedures consist in simple tests as ultrasonography, abdominal computerised tomography, that show inflammatory disease signs and sometimes ascites. Exceptionally, Legionella pneumophila has been demonstrated with direct immunofluorescent microscopic study, in inflammatory colitis pieces with haemorrhagic necrosis in different stage processes. Pathogenesis could be explained by the systemic spread of the organism and formation at distance of necrotising enteritis focus. It is initiated by necrotising factors of bacterial origin and hypersensitivity reactions (type I and III).
 ...
PMID:[Digestive disorders and Legionnaires' lung disease. Accompanying signs or visceral location?]. 1085 68

Pretransplant conditioning therapy with i.v. BuCy followed by allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (BMT) was investigated in a phase II trial in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). We gave i.v. Bu at a dose of 0.8 mg/kg every 6h x 16 doses, followed by Cy 60 mg/kg daily for 2 days. Twenty-six AML patients (18 males/eight females) were treated, only eight of whom were in CR1. The rest were either refractory to induction chemotherapy (four patients) or in a more advanced stage of their disease (14 patients). In addition, nine patients with MDS (1M/8F) were treated. Their median age was 41 years (range 21-64). Engraftment to > or =500 neutrophils/microl was reached at 14 days (range 10-29 days) post BMT, and the median time of neutropenia was only 11 days (range 4-28 days). The most common regimen-related toxicity was grade 2-3 nausea. In the post-BMT period (including BMT day +30), two patients died, one each from pulmonary hemorrhage secondary to CMV pneumonia and hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD), for an early treatment-related mortality (TRM) of 5.7%. Three patients developed VOD and two of them died. There was no direct regimen-related pulmonary or neurologic toxicity. Overall, the clinical side-effect spectrum was analogous to what would be expected from a high-dose oral Bu-based regimen; there was no unique toxicity experienced with the used solvent system. The disease-free survival in the high-risk subgroup (all patients not in CR1) at 1 and 2 years post transplant was 44% and 31%, respectively. The 13 patients still alive in CR have been followed for a median of 24 months (range 18-32). Pharmacokinetic analysis showed very good interdose reproducibility, and limited interpatient variability in area under the plasma concentration vs time curve, peak concentration, and clearance of Bu after this i.v. formulation. We conclude, that this new i.v. Bu formulation is well tolerated; it has an impressive safety profile, and we suggest that it should be considered as appropriate replacement for oral busulfan in pretransplant conditioning therapy prior to allogeneic BMT for patients with AML or MDS.
 ...
PMID:Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (BMT) for AML and MDS following i.v. busulfan and cyclophosphamide (i.v. BuCy). 1093 85

Anaesthesia and surgical procedures lead to a reduction of intestinal motility, and opioids may produce a postoperative ileus, that might delay postoperative feeding. The aim of this prospective randomised study is to test whether or not different kinds of epidural analgesia (Group A: morphine 0.0017 mg/kg/h and bupivacaine 0.125%-0.058 mg/kg/h; Group B: morphine alone 0.035 mg/kg/12h in the postoperative period) allow earlier postoperative enteral feeding, enhance intestinal motility a passage of flatus and help avoid complications, such as nausea, vomiting, ileus, diarrhoea, pneumonia or other infective diseases. We included in the study 60 patients (28 males and 32 females) with a mean age of 61.2 years (range 50-70) and with an ASA score of 2 or 3. All patients had hepato-biliary-pancreatic neoplasm and were candidates for major surgery. We compared two different pharmacological approaches, i.e., morphine plus bupivacaine (30 patients, Group A) versus morphine alone (30 patients, Group B). Each medication was administered by means of a thoracic epidural catheter for the control of postoperative pain. In the postoperative course we recorded every 6 hours peristaltic activity. We also noted morbidity (pneumonia, wound sepsis) and mortality. Effective peristalsis was present in all patients in Group A within the first six postoperative hours; in Group B, after 30 hours. Six patients in Group A had bowel motions in the first postoperative day, 11 in the second day, 10 in the third day and 3 in fourth day, while in Group B none in the first day, two in the second, 7 in the third, 15 in the fourth, and 6 in the fifth: the difference between the two groups was significant (p<0.05 in 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th days). Pneumonia occurred in 2 patients of Group A, and in 10 of Group B (p < 0.05). We conclude that epidural analgesia with morphine plus bupivacaine allowed a move rapid return to normal gut activity and early enteral nutrition compared with epidural analgesia with morphine alone.
 ...
PMID:Morphine plus bupivacaine vs. morphine peridural analgesia in abdominal surgery: the effects on postoperative course in major hepatobiliary surgery. 1097 18

Despite limited understanding of therapeutic aetiopathogenesis of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, there is a strong evidence base for the efficacy of pharmacological and biological therapies. It is equally important to recognise toxicity of the medical armamentarium for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Sulfasalazine consists of sulfapyridine linked to 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) via an azo bond. Common adverse effects related to sulfapyridine 'intolerance' include headache, nausea, anorexia, and malaise. Other allergic or toxic adverse effects include fever, rash, haemolytic anaemia, hepatitis, pancreatitis, paradoxical worsening of colitis, and reversible sperm abnormalities. The newer 5-ASA agents were developed to deliver the active ingredient of sulfasalazine while minimising adverse effects. Adverse effects are infrequent but may include nausea, dyspepsia and headache. Olsalazine may cause a secretory diarrhoea. Uncommon hypersensitivity reactions, including worsening of colitis, pancreatitis, pericarditis and nephritis, have also been reported. Corticosteroids are commonly prescribed for treatment of moderate to severe IBD. Despite short term efficacy, corticosteroids have numerous adverse effects that preclude their long term use. Adverse effects include acne, fluid retention, fat redistribution, hypertension, hyperglycaemia, psycho-neurological disturbances, cataracts, adrenal suppression, growth failure in children, and osteonecrosis. Newer corticosteroid preparations offer potential for targeted therapy and less corticosteroid-related adverse effects. Azathioprine and mercaptopurine are associated with pancreatitis in 3 to 15% of patients that resolves upon drug cessation. Bone marrow suppression is dose related and may be delayed. The adverse effects of methotrexate include nausea, leucopenia and, rarely, hypersensitivity pneumonia or hepatic fibrosis. Common adverse effects of cyclosporin include nephrotoxicity, hypertension, headache, gingival hyperplasia, hyperkalaemia, paresthesias, and tremors. These adverse effects usually abate with dose reduction or cessation of therapy. Seizures and opportunistic infections have also been reported. Antibacterials are commonly employed as primary therapy for Crohn's disease. Common adverse effects of metronidazole include nausea and a metallic taste. Peripheral neuropathy can occur with prolonged administration. Ciprofloxacin and other antibacterials may be beneficial in those intolerant to metronidazole. Newer immunosuppressive agents previously reserved for transplant recipients are under investigation for IBD. Tacrolimus has an adverse effect profile similar to cyclosporin, and may cause renal insufficiency. Mycophenolate mofetil, a purine synthesis inhibitor, has primarily gastrointestinal adverse effects. Biological agents targeting specific sites in the immunoinflammatory cascade are now available to treat IBD. Infliximab, a chimeric antibody targeting tumour necrosis factor-or has been well tolerated in clinical trials and early postmarketing experience. Additional trials are needed to assess long term adverse effects.
 ...
PMID:Comparative tolerability of treatments for inflammatory bowel disease. 1108 48

Increasing resistance among the common respiratory pathogens has encouraged assessment of alternative agents, for example, levofloxacin. Unlike earlier quinolones, levofloxacin has excellent activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, including strains resistant to penicillin. Clinical trials show levofloxacin to be as effective as cephalosporins in acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and as effective as co-amoxiclav, cephalosporins or amoxycillin in community-acquired pneumonia. Levofloxacin is rarely associated with serious adverse events. Nausea, diarrhea, headache and rash are the most common adverse events but are observed less frequently than with some other new quinolones.
 ...
PMID:The use of levofloxacin in the treatment of respiratory tract infection. 1113 57

To determine whether some constitutional symptoms of influenza, such as headache, myalgia and nausea, could represent a viral infection of brain, muscle, and liver, we inoculated juvenile Balb/c mice intranasally with 103 plaque forming units of influenza B/Lee virus. Blood, brain, liver, skeletal muscle, and lung tissues were removed aseptically and assayed for infectivity by a plaque assay, viral RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT - PCR), viral antigen by immunoperoxidase staining, and histologic changes by light microscopy. Mice became ill 2 - 3 days post inoculation (PI). A productive viral infection of the lungs developed from days 1 - 8 with maxima of virus titers, pneumonia, and the number of immunoperoxidase staining lung cells occurring on days 2 - 6 PI. Virus isolation from blood was rare and viral RNA was detected intermittently in blood by RT - PCR. In many animals, a non-permissive or abortive infection of brain occurred from days 1 - 8 and peaked on days 3 - 4 PI. Viral RNA was detected in brain tissue and viral antigen was seen in cerebral endothelial cells but infectious virus was rarely isolated from brain. In liver, viral RNA was detected and viral antigen was seen occasionally in hepatocytes. In skeletal muscle, viral RNA was detected but neither infectious virus nor viral antigen was seen. A correlation existed between the severity of the illness, pneumonia, lung virus titer, viral antigen in lung cells, and extent of a non-permissive viral infection of brain and liver but not muscle. These studies demonstrate that following intranasal infection of influenza virus in mice, a viral pneumonia develops with subsequent intermittent viremia and non-permissive or abortive infection of brain, liver and muscle.
 ...
PMID:Experimental influenza causes a non-permissive viral infection of brain, liver and muscle. 1117 25


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>