Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The efficacy of transdermally administered scopolamine was compared with the efficacy of oral dimenhydrinate and placebo therapy in the prevention of motion-induced mausea in a vertical oscillator; medications were administered on a double-blind cross-over basis, with the order of treatments counterbalanced. Thirty-five subjects known to be susceptible to the stimulus were utilized. A placebo effect reduced the motion sickness incidence (MSI) from 100% to 59%. Administration of dimenhydrinate reduced the MSI to 32%, and use of the transdermal therapeutic system scopolamine (TTS-scopolamine) further reduced the MSI TO 16%. TTS-scopolamine afforded 73% protection against motion-induced nausea, compared to 46% protection with dimenhydrinate. The TTS-scopolamine is designed to remain in the body for 72 hours, providing advantages over intramuscular or oral administration of scopolamine, which include reduced daily dosage, and an effective alternate to the gastrointestinal tract for administrating medication at times of gastrointestinal distress.
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PMID:Effect of transdermally administered scopolamine in preventing motion sickness. 39 42

Twenty volunteer male college students were exposed to motion picture films which reliably elicit symptoms of motion sickness. Those Ss with relatively higher apparent sympathetic nervous system dominance showed significantly smaller autonomic reactions to the film. It was concluded that increased sympathetic tone tended to the film. It was concluded that increased sympathetic tone tended to reduce autonomic reactions to motion sickness stimuli. It was suggested that the sympathetic nervous system symptoms that usually occur in motion sickness are actually defensive reactions rather than symptoms of nausea.
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PMID:Intensity of motion sickness symptoms as a function of apparent autonomic balance. 66 Jan 71

This experimentation partially defines, for the first time, the response of beta-endorphin (ENDO) in man during tests designed to elicit nausea and motion sickness. These responses are similar to those associated with arginine vasopressin (AVP) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) to the extent that all hormones rise in response to motion sickness (p < 0.003). Repeated exposure diminished motion-induced release of ENDO (p < 0.005) and AVP (p < 0.004) despite a three-fold increase in resistance to motion stimuli. Higher post-stress levels of AVP (p < 0.04) and ACTH (p < 0.02) were correlated with greater resistance to motion sickness. These data support the hypothesis that release of AVP is a significant link between stressful motion and motion-induced nausea and other autonomic system changes. Further, resistant individuals apparently can tolerate higher peripheral levels of AVP before nausea results. Peripheral release of ENDO and ACTH may follow release of AVP; however, given the extensive and complex functional interactions that exist between AVP and the opiate systems, it is not yet possible to define a clear role for ENDO in the etiology of motion sickness.
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PMID:beta-Endorphin and arginine vasopressin following stressful sensory stimuli in man. 133 70

A military tank driving simulator has recently been introduced as a training aid for tank drivers in the Israel Defense Forces. Reports of nausea and vomiting among the first users of the simulator launched our investigation of the possible existence of a motion sickness-like syndrome among simulator drivers. Although the 59 subjects drove the simulator without any report of vomiting, other motion sickness-like symptoms were frequently reported. A comparison of symptoms reported after simulator and real tank driving show that dizziness, nausea, disorientation and hypersalivation were more frequently reported by simulator drivers and were of greater intensity. However, sweating and drowsiness were more prevalent among real tank drivers. The objective effect of driving the simulator was evaluated by instability and performance tests that were conducted before, during and after driving the simulator. A greater decrement in test results was observed among subjects reporting higher frequency of motion sickness-like symptoms.
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PMID:Motion sickness-like syndrome among tank simulator drivers. 142 18

Several aspects of the environment of divers should increase their susceptibility to motion sickness: a) sensory conflicts, b) body fluid redistribution, and c) nitrogen narcosis. We tested motion sickness susceptibility by placing subjects on a rotating platform and having them perform stylized heat movements that produced cross-coupled angular accelerations in vestibular end organs until nausea developed. This test was performed once each day on 9 consecutive days while subjects were immersed at the end of 3-4 h of diving. The test was also carried out while subjects were nonimmersed with no preceding diving on the day immediately before and after this 9-day period. Compared with nonimmersed conditions, significantly fewer head movements were required to elicit nausea while immersed (P less than 0.01). We conclude that individuals are more susceptible to motion sickness while immersed in open water than while on dry land.
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PMID:Susceptibility of divers in open water to motion sickness. 153 62

Treatment of acute motion sickness induced by parabolic flight with a preparation of scopolamine placed in the buccal pouch was investigated. Twenty-one subjects flew aboard a KC-135 aircraft operated by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) which performed parabolic maneuvers resulting in periods of 0-g, 1-g, and 1.8-g. Each subject flew once with a tablet containing scopolamine and once with a placebo in a random order, crossover design. Signs and symptoms of motion sickness were systematically recorded during each parabola by an investigator who was blind to the content of the tablet. Compared with flights using placebo, flights with buccal scopolamine resulted in significantly lower scores for nausea (31%-35% reduction) and vomiting (50% reduction in number of parabolas with vomiting). Side effects of the drug during flight were negligible. We conclude that buccal scopolamine is more effective than a placebo in treating ongoing motion sickness.
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PMID:Treatment of motion sickness in parabolic flight with buccal scopolamine. 155 May 33

Sweating is commonly associated with motion sickness. Previous studies have attempted to relate sweating or the associated electrodermal activity to the degree of motion sickness symptoms. This study was aimed at improving methodology by study of 1) recording site--palmar finger versus forehead; and 2) signal analysis--tonic skin conductance level (SCL) versus phasic skin conductance responses (SCRs). Eleven subjects were exposed to a cross-coupled motion challenge, produced by repeated head movements (16 per minute) during rotation around the Earth vertical axis in which rotational velocity was incremented on a staircase profile from 3 degrees to 99 degrees.s-1 to an end point of moderate nausea. Six subjects underwent additional control conditions of rotation only and head movements only. A group of 12 subjects underwent sessions of vertical and horizontal sinusoidal linear motion through the head z-axis at 0.3 Hz, 1.8 ms-2 rms. Sweating responses were recorded in a further three subjects by mass spectrometry for water vapor from the skin using a dry N2 gas flow method. Phasic skin conductance activity at the forehead site provided the best correlate of motion sickness onset and recovery. Other combinations of signal analysis or recording site were less useful.
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PMID:Phasic skin conductance activity and motion sickness. 156 15

In a recent editorial, Kapur described perioperative nausea and vomiting as "the big 'little problem' following ambulatory surgery."257 Although the actual morbidity associated with nausea is relatively low in health outpatients, it should not be considered an unavoidable part of the perioperative experience. The availability of an emesis basin for every patient in the postanesthesia recovery unit is a reflection of the limited success with the available therapeutic techniques.257 There had been little change in the incidence of postoperative emesis since the introduction of halothane into clinical practice in 1956. However, newer anesthetic drugs (e.g. propofol) appear to have contributed to a recent decline in the incidence of emesis. Factors associated with an increased risk of postoperative emesis include age, gender (menses), obesity, previous history of motion sickness or postoperative vomiting, anxiety, gastroparesis, and type and duration of the surgical procedure (e.g., laparoscopy, strabismus, middle ear procedures). Anesthesiologists have little, if any, control over these surgical factors. However, they do have control over many other factors that influence postoperative emesis (e.g., preanesthetic medication, anesthetic drugs and techniques, and postoperative pain management). Although routine antiemetic prophylaxis is clearly unjustified, patients at high risk for postoperative emesis should receive special considerations with respect to the prophylactic use of antiemetic drugs. Minimally effective doses of antiemetic drugs can be administered to reduce the incidence of sedation and other deleterious side effects. Potent nonopioid analgesics (e.g., ketorolac) can be used to control pain while avoiding some of the opioid-related side effects. Gentle handling in the immediate postoperative period is also essential. If emesis does occur, aggressive intravenous hydration and pain management are important components of the therapeutic regimen, along with antiemetic drugs. If one antiemetic does not appear to be effective, another drug with a different site of action should be considered. With the availability of new antiserotonin drugs, the incidence of recurrent (intractable) emesis could be further decreased. Research into the mechanisms of this common postoperative complication may help in improving the management of emetic sequelae in the future. As suggested in a recent editorial, improvement in antiemetic therapy could have a major impact for surgical patients, particularly after ambulatory surgery. Patients as well as those involved in their postoperative care look forward to a time when the routine offering of an emesis basin after surgery becomes a historical practice.
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PMID:Postoperative nausea and vomiting. Its etiology, treatment, and prevention. 843 45

Fundamental approaches in selection of new agents for evaluation in prevention of space/motion sickness (SMS) are reviewed. The discussion centers on drugs under investigation at the Johnson Space Center. Methodology that employs the rotating chair for measuring SMS symptomatology and susceptibility is described. The most obvious approach to the development of new agents relies on selection of agents from drug classes that possess pharmacologic properties of established anti-motion sickness agents. A second approach selects drugs that are used to prevent emesis caused by means other than exposure to motion. The third approach relies on basic research that characterizes individual differences in susceptibility. The hypothesis is: detection of individual differences leads to identification of specific drugs, which target physiologic systems that show individual differences. These physiologic systems are targets for therapy and may play a role in the etiology of SMS. Two drugs that reduce susceptibility to SMS include dexamethasone and d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP, a vasopressin (AVP)V1 antagonist. The latter peptide has demonstrated complete blockade of emesis and other significant symptoms in squirrel monkeys. These studies were predicated on observations that subjects who were more resistant to SMS had higher plasma AVP after severe nausea than subjects with lower resistances. Investigations are underway to test a 0.5-mg intravenous dose in humans. Kappa opioid agonists inhibit AVP release and offer new therapeutic possibilities and advantages over AVP peptides. This review details the experimental data collected on AVP and adrenocorticotropin. The literature supports interrelated roles for AVP and opioid peptides in SMS. Experimental testing of kappa agonists is warranted because specific opioid agonists act at neuroanatomical sites causing nausea and vomiting. It is argued opioid receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and vomiting center stimulate and inhibit the emetic response, respectively. The evidence suggests kappa and/or mu receptors at VC are involved in inhibition of emesis, whereas delta opioid receptors at CTZ are involved in stimulation of emesis.
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PMID:New pharmacologic approaches to the prevention of space/motion sickness. 166 31

Nausea affects from 40% to 70% of cancer patients who received narcotics to manage their pain. This occurs more frequently when they are ambulatory than when they are recumbent and may be the result of narcotic-enhanced labyrinthine sensitivity to motion. Scopolamine has previously been found to be an effective antiemetic for motion sickness. In a prospective pilot study, 9 (69%) of 13 cancer patients experienced rapid relief of their narcotic-induced nausea when they used Scopolamine Transderm-V patches alone. Only two patients experienced side effects with the scopolamine, and in one patient, the side effects may have been dose related. Although tolerance to the increased vestibular sensitivity may occur, this was not universal. Further prospective trials are necessary to establish whether transdermal scopolamine is useful in controlling the narcotic-induced nausea experienced by cancer patients.
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PMID:Transdermal scopolamine use in the control of narcotic-induced nausea. 188 Apr 39


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