Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Epirubicin (4'-epidoxorubicin) is an antineoplastic agent derived from doxorubicin. The compounds differ in the configuration of the hydroxyl group at the 4' position. Epirubicin, like doxorubicin, exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA and is most active during the S phase of the cell cycle. Epirubicin is administered by intravenous (IV) injection. It is metabolized by the liver and primarily eliminated in the bile. About 10% of the drug is eliminated in the urine. Dosage adjustments are recommended for patients with liver metastases or elevated liver function tests. The elimination half-life of epirubicin is 30 to 40 hours. Clinical studies indicate activity in breast cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, ovarian cancer, soft-tissue sarcomas, and pancreatic cancer. There is also evidence of activity against gastric cancer, small-cell lung cancer, and acute leukemia. Epirubicin has limited activity as a single agent against head and neck tumors or non-small-cell lung cancer, but may be beneficial in combination with other agents. The overall activity of epirubicin appears to be comparable with that of doxorubicin. However, more studies are needed to define its role in combination chemotherapeutic regimens. The acute dose-limiting toxicity of epirubicin is myelosuppression. Nausea, vomiting, and alopecia are also common. Epirubicin may cause transient cardiac arrhythmias and alterations of the electrocardiogram. Chronic therapy is limited, but available data indicate that epirubicin can be administered in higher cumulative doses than doxorubicin before cardiotoxicity limits further therapy.
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PMID:Epirubicin: a review of the pharmacology, clinical activity, and adverse effects of an adriamycin analogue. 300 21

Twenty-five patients with gastrointestinal tumors (stomach 13, colon 8, pancreas 2, liver 2) were treated with a combination chemotherapy regimen consisting of CDDP (30 mg/m2/day d 1, 2) and 5-FU (500 mg/m2/day d 1-3), repeated every 3 or 4 weeks. The patients comprised 14 males and 11 females with a median age of 50 years (range 24-69), and a median performance status of 80% (range 40-100%). Thirteen patients had had prior chemotherapy. Partial response was observed in 2 patients (colon and liver), which lasted for 2 months each, respectively. No objective response was observed in 11 patients evaluable for gastric cancer. Non-hematological toxicities were nausea (92%), vomiting (56%), proteinuria (17%), transient elevation of BUN (8%), and hepatotoxicity (11%). Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were observed in 71% and 25%, respectively. However, these toxicities were mild to moderate, and generally well tolerated.
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PMID:[Combination chemotherapy of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in gastrointestinal tumors]. 301 30

In a phase-II-trial 40 patients with advanced gastric cancer were treated with 5-fluorouracil, 4-epidoxorubicin, mitomycin C (FEM) combination therapy. Twenty-five out of 30 patients with measurable disease were evaluable for response after 8 weeks of treatment. Seven patients achieved a partial remission (PR), suggesting a response rate of 28%. Ten patients had no change (NC) and 8 patients showed progression (P). The median time to progression for patients with PR was 7.2 months and for patients with NC 6.3 months. Median survival time for all patients was 5.3 months, for patients with PR and NC 9.9 months. WHO grade 3 toxicity appeared in 3% (WBC and nausea/vomiting) and 15% (alopecia) of patients. The data suggest that this regimen is not more active, but is better tolerated than the original FAM schedule. Therefore it seems suitable for out-patient treatment, for elderly patients and for those who cannot be treated by more aggressive drugs.
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PMID:5-Fluorouracil, 4-epidoxorubicin, and mitomycin C (FEM) combination chemotherapy for advanced gastric carcinoma. A phase-II trial by the "chemotherapiegruppe gastrointestinaler tumoren (CGT)". 310 38

Eleven patients with advanced unresectable gastric cancer were treated with a combination of UFT, etoposide and CDDP (FFP). FEP regimen was given every 4 weeks as follows: UFT 400 mg/m2 (p.o.) everyday, etoposide 50 mg/m2 (i.v.), and CDDP 30 mg/m2 (i.v.) on day 1, 8, and 15. The subjects were 3 males and 8 females with an average of 64 (ranging from 44 to 84 yrs). None had had prior chemotherapy. One patient was in performance status (P.S.) 1, 6 were in PS 2, and 4 were in PS 3. Partial responses (PR) were obtained in 5 out of 11 patients. The durations of the response were over 3 months in all patients with PR. No side effects were observed except for mild myelosuppression and nausea. In BALB/C mice with lymphoid leukemia L1210, the effects of each drug and the combination of the two or three drugs on the increase in life span (ILS) were studied. The combination of the three drugs showed the highest effect on ILS. In conclusion, it is suggested that FEP chemotherapy is useful for advanced gastric cancer.
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PMID:[Combination chemotherapy of UFT, etoposide and CDDP in advanced gastric cancer]. 311 39

Based on the overall results of a UFT phase II study made in 104 institutions in Japan from April of 1979 to September of 1980, there was a response rate of 27.7% with 3 CR cases and 49 PR cases out of 188 stomach cancer cases considered as evaluable according to solid cancer chemotherapy direct efficacy criteria. Other response rates were spleen cancer 25%, gallbladder cancer 25%, liver cancer 19.2%, colorectal cancer 25%, breast cancer 32% and lung cancer 7%. Side effects out of 551 cases were, loss of appetite 24.3%, nausea/vomiting 12.5%, diarrhea 11.1% and other digestive system symptoms mainly. The hematologic side effects were mild, being 6.9%. According to the UFT phase II study, in 438 evaluable cases followed for 5 years after testing, the results were analyzed in terms of therapeutic efficacy and survival time. In 185 stomach cancer cases, 50% survival time was 185 days, with CR + PR cases 336 days, MR + NC cases 183 days, and PD cases 97 days. Colorectal cancer showed a 50% survival time of 227 days in 54 cases, while that for 49 breast cancer cases was 505 days. Total Ftorafur (FT) results using the same criteria from the UFT phase II study revealed, from a comparison of dosage and disease type, that UFT did not enhance FT side effects; rather, it markedly increases effectiveness. Therefore, on the basis of its response rate and the survival time for the cases of digestive system cancer, UFT is considered an effective anticancer agent.
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PMID:[Report on nationwide pooled data and cohort investigation in UFT phase II study]. 311 85

Two years and 10 months after gastrectomy, a 38-year-old man was diagnosed as having carcinomatous peritonitis due to gastric cancer. He was treated by intra-abdominal administration of 100 mg CDDP three times in addition to UFT. After each administration of CDDP, the amount of ascites and the serum value of CEA were decreased. Subjective symptoms, such as epigastric pain or sensation of fullness, were also improved. Although one year and 8 months has passed since the first administration of CDDP, the performance status of the patient remains 0. Nausea or vomiting was noted within 2 days after each administration. However, severe complications, like renal failure or intra-abdominal hemorrhage, were not observed. These findings suggest that repeated intra-abdominal administration of CDDP may be a useful therapy for carcinomatous peritonitis due to gastric cancer.
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PMID:[Repeated intra-abdominal administration of CDDP in carcinomatous peritonitis due to gastric cancer--a case report]. 336 74

A phase II clinical trial of epirubicin, a new anthracycline anticancer antibiotic, was carried out in 41 patients with inoperable or recurrent gastric cancer. Epirubicin was administered by i.v. injection; the dosages were either 40-60 mg/m2 every three weeks (Regimen A) or 20-30 mg/m2/day for 3 days every three weeks (Regimen B). Twenty-one patients were entered into Regimen A, and 20 into Regimen B. Of 31 evaluable patients, 16% (5/31) experienced objective response (PR); i.e., 20% (three of 15) treated with Regimen A and 13% (two of 16) with Regimen B, showing that there was no significant difference in the rate of response between the two regimens. Adverse effects observed were relatively mild in most cases and included anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anorexia, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, stomatitis and alopecia. Tachycardia and extrasystole were observed in 3 cases but disappeared upon discontinuation of the treatment. In conclusion, epirubicin seemed to have therapeutic activity comparable to that of doxorubicin in gastric cancer while being less toxic than doxorubicin, and is expected to become a better alternative to the latter drug.
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PMID:[Phase II study of epirubicin in inoperable or recurrent gastric cancer]. 345 31

Dyspepsia or indigestion is one of the most common disorders that is managed by general practitioners and gastroenterologists. Non-ulcer dyspepsia can be defined as upper abdominal pain or nausea in patients in whom endoscopy reveals no evidence of peptic ulceration or gastric cancer. Non-ulcer dyspepsia is a heterogeneous disorder and can be the result of such diverse entities as the irritable bowel syndrome, duodenitis or gastro-oesophageal reflux, or may be idiopathic ("essential" dyspepsia). This review traces the development of modern thought on dyspepsia and non-ulcer dyspepsia, from the 16th century to the present.
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PMID:Dyspepsia and non-ulcer dyspepsia: an historical perspective. 354 May 42

A multicenter cooperative study was conducted from July 1984 to March 1986 to evaluate the clinical efficacy of sequential MTX-5-FU treatment in 96 cases of advanced gastric cancer and 39 cases of colorectal cancer. 5-FU 600 mg/m2 i.v. was given and MTX 30 mg/m2 (A), 100 mg/m2 (B) and 300 mg/m2 (C) i.v. were given, and the administration interval between MTX and 5-FU was 1 to 3 h for the gastric cancer group, and 7 h for the colorectal cancer group. Leucovorin rescue of 10 mg/m2 p.o. was given 24 h after MTX administration. In the gastric cancer group, the response rate for Regimen A was 23.2% (CR 1 and PR 12) out of 56 evaluable cases, and for Regimen B, 40.5% (CR 1 and PR 14) out of 37 evaluable cases. In the colorectal cancer group, the response rate for Regimen A was 28.6% (PR 6) out of 21 evaluable cases and for Regimen B, 20.0% (PR 3) out of 15 cases. Median survival time for the gastric cancer group was 5.5 months with Regimen A and 7.6 months with Regimen B, and for the colorectal cancer group 10.9 months with Regimen A and 7.9 months with Regimen B. Main adverse effects were marrow impairment and gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, diarrhea, and stomatitis. In this study Regimen B showed relatively good results. In order to evaluate the biochemical modulation occurring with sequential MTX-5-FU treatment, a further phase III study in gastric cancer patients should be conducted.
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PMID:[Sequential methotrexate-5-fluorouracil (MTX-5-FU) treatment of patients with advanced gastric and colorectal cancer. Sequential Methotrexate-5-FU Study Group]. 361 60

Sixty-seven patients with hematological malignancies and 4 with cancers were evaluated in this study. Standard administration of MCNU was instituted intravenously using 50-100 mg/m2 every 2 or 4 weeks, whereas some cases were treated with a higher dose therapy. Of 10 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia, 7 achieved complete remission (CR), and 1 achieved partial remission (PR). A good response was also obtained in 9 of 10 patients with polycythemia vera and in all 4 patients with essential thrombocythemia. MCNU was less effective in malignant lymphoma (ML) and multiple myeloma (MM) than in myeloproliferative disorders. Two of 15 patients with ML and one of 21 patients with MM achieved CR, and two with ML and three MM achieved PR. Three patients with lung cancer and 1 with gastric cancer showed no response to MCNU. Delayed anemia, leukocytopenia and thrombocytopenia were observed in 38.7% of patients, and these were regarded as major side effects of MCNU. Nausea, vomiting, anorexia and elevated transaminase were also found in about 24% of patients, but only transiently. Our study indicates that MCNU is useful for chemotherapy of hematological malignancies, especially of myeloproliferative disorders. Therefore, further studies on combination chemotherapy with MCNU should be developed.
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PMID:[Phase II study of methyl 6-[3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido]-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (MCNU)]. 385 48


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