Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The chemistry, mechanism of action, antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosage and administration of clarithromycin and azithromycin are described. Clarithromycin and azithromycin are new macrolide antibiotics that are similar in structure to erythromycin. Compared with erythromycin, clarithromycin demonstrates increased activity against Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, Legionella pneumophila, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Chlamydia trachomatis. Clarithromycin also has in vitro activity against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and Toxoplasma gondii. Azithromycin has increased gram-negative activity compared with erythromycin, including activity against Haemophilus influenzae, while maintaining activity against gram-positive organisms. Azithromycin also has activity against sexually transmitted organisms including Chlamydia trachomatis. The pharmacokinetic profiles of clarithromycin and azithromycin are characterized by good oral bioavailability, excellent tissue penetration and persistence, and long elimination half-lives, which allow for once-daily or twice-daily dosing. Initial data show that clarithromycin and azithromycin are effective for the treatment of upper-respiratory-tract and lower-respiratory-tract infections and infections of the skin and skin structures. Azithromycin has been shown to be effective for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Clarithromycin and azithromycin have been used to treat MAC and Toxoplasma infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The most frequently reported adverse effects for both agents have been nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Oral formulations of clarithromycin and azithromycin have recently been approved by the FDA. Clarithromycin and azithromycin are new macrolide antibiotics that have potential advantages over erythromycin; however, the role of these agents will be better defined as results of more ongoing trials become available for evaluation.
 ...
PMID:Clarithromycin and azithromycin: new macrolide antibiotics. 151 40

Twenty women with Chlamydia trachomatis genitourinary infection were treated with oral enoxacin 800 mg/day in two divided doses for 12 days starting on day 1 of the menstrual cycle. A physical examination was performed before the start and 28-30 days after the end of the treatment. At the final examination cultures of urethral and endocervical swabs and endometrial samples were negative in all cases, demonstrating that Chlamydia trachomatis infection had been eradicated. No significant results were obtained at serologic evaluation with the indirect immunofluorescence method to show specific IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies. In the four women with subjective symptomatology this was improved by the treatment with enoxacin. Only two patients presented mild side effects (headache, tachycardia, nausea). Enoxacin seems therefore a very effective and well tolerated drug in the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis genitourinary infection.
 ...
PMID:Enoxacin in the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis genitourinary infection. 207 18

One hundred and eighty-two patients were enrolled in a randomized third-party blinded study to assess the efficacy and safety of azithromycin in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Three regimens of azithromycin, including a single oral dose, were compared with a standard treatment with doxycycline. The patients were followed for four weeks. Efficacy was evaluated in 168 patients (113 azithromycin, 55 doxycycline). Fourteen patients had negative cultures or did not come for all follow-up visits. Of the 168, 138 were infected with Chlamydia trachomatis, 43 with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and 45 with Ureaplasma urealyticum. Ninety-six per cent of patients with chlamydial infections and 92% of those with gonorrhoea were cured with azithromycin. Two patients infected with N. gonorrhoeae, four with C. trachomatis and six with U. urealyticum had positive cultures on follow-up visits after receiving azithromycin. Of these 11 patients with positive cultures on follow-up visits, seven (five with U. urealyticum and two with C. trachomatis) violated the protocol by having intercourse with infected individuals during the study. Azithromycin was very well tolerated; one patient complained of mild abdominal pain shortly after receiving the drug, seven patients complained of mild nausea and two patients had mild diarrhoea.
 ...
PMID:Azithromycin in the treatment of sexually transmitted disease. 215 28

The results of two therapeutic trials in female patients with uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhoea (A) and in male patients with uncomplicated urethral gonorrhoea (B) treated with either 200 mg and 400 mg enoxacin orally, of one therapeutic trial in male patients with uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhoea treated with either 250 mg or 500 mg ciprofloxacin orally (C) and of one therapeutic trial in male patients with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) treated with ciprofloxacin 1 g daily during seven days (D) are presented and compared with the results of other investigators. The cure rate in study A was 100% (n = 40) in the 400 mg group and 95.7% (n = 46) in the 200 mg group. The cure rate in study B was 92% (n = 78) in the 400 mg group and 90% (n = 77) in the 200 mg group. In both studies no antichlamydial effect of enoxacin was observed. The cure rates in study C were 100% with 250 and 500 mg. An antichlamydial effect seemed to be present. In studies A, B and C side effects were minor and rare and were mainly nausea and headache. In study D (100 patients suffering from NGU) disappearance of Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum one day after the end of treatment was observed in 29 of 32 (91%) and 28 of 32 (88%) cases, respectively. Pyuria disappeared in 44% and 74% of the patients showed clinical cure. However, two weeks after the end of treatment Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum were observed in respectively six and eight cases. In 30% pyuria was still absent. Side effects were only minor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Quinolones in the treatment of gonorrhoea and Chlamydia trachomatis infections. 332 34

Uncomplicated urogenital and concomitant oropharyngeal gonorrhea in 424 male and female patients was treated in a randomized comparative study with 0.5 g of cefodizime (89 men and 54 women), 1 g of cefodizime (87 men and 52 women), or 1 g of cefotaxime (86 men and 56 women). The cure rates were 100% for men and women in the group given 0.5 g of cefodizime, 100% for men and women in the group given 1 g of cefodizime, and 99% for men and 100% for women in the group given 1 g of cefotaxime. The MICs of cefodizime and cefotaxime for the isolate of Neisseria gonorrhoeae ranged from 0.004 to 0.06 micrograms/ml. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated before treatment in 15% and after treatment in 13% of all patients. Side effects, such as nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, genital candidiasis, and pain at the site of injection, developed in 4% of the patients given cefodizime. Side effects, such as vertigo, genital candidiasis, fatigability, and diarrhea, developed in 4% of the patients treated with cefotaxime. In both groups of patients, the side effects were mild and transient. Cefodizime and cefotaxime are safe and effective agents in the treatment of uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhea.
 ...
PMID:Randomized comparative study of 0.5 and 1 g of cefodizime (HR 221) versus 1 g of cefotaxime for acute uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhea. 337 56

One-hundred and fifty-two male patients suffering from non-gonococcal urethritis were treated with an oral dosage of 300 mg roxithromycin daily for seven days. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from the urethra in 53 patients (35%), and Ureaplasma urealyticum in 42 patients (28%). After treatment, 49 (92%) of the 53 patients with positive Chlamydia trachomatis cultures and 34 (81%) of the 42 patients with positive Ureaplasma urealyticum cultures had negative cultures at follow-up. A clinical cure was observed in 137 patients (90%). Ten patients (7%) showed side effects consisting of nausea, sensation of distended abdomen, headache and fatigue. Seventy-eight male patients suffering from nongonococcal urethritis were treated with an oral dosage of 2 X 150mg roxithromycin daily for seven days. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from the urethra in 22 patients (28%), and Ureaplasma urealyticum in 30 patients (38%). After treatment, all of the 22 patients with formerly positive Chlamydia trachomatis cultures and 23 (77%) of the 30 patients with formerly positive Ureaplasma urealyticum cultures were negative at follow-up. A clinical cure was observed in 70 patients (90%). Three patients (4%) showed side-effects consisting of nausea and headache. It is concluded that roxithromycin is a good alternative to tetracycline and erythromycin in the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis in males.
 ...
PMID:Evaluation of roxithromycin in the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis in males. 380 73

One hundred women with uncomplicated gonorrhoea (in five cases due to penicillinase producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG)) were treated with a single oral dose of rifampicin 900 mg and erythromycin stearate 1 g. N gonorrhoeae was reisolated from the oropharynx of one patient, who was infected with a PPNG strain, but was eradicated from the genital tract in 100% of cases. The combination eradicated Chlamydia trachomatis from only 10 (28%) of the 36 patients infected. Side effects were predominantly mild and consisted of transient nausea. The treatment merits evaluation in areas with a high incidence of PPNG strains.
 ...
PMID:Treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea in women with a combination of rifampicin and erythromycin. 648 86

The macrolide antibiotic rosaramicin inhibits in vitro growth of Chlamydia trachomatis. Rosaramicin (1 g daily given to 18 patients for seven days) and erythromycin stearate (2 g daily given to 19 patients for seven days) were compared in the treatment of chlamydial cervicitis. Cultures of cervical specimens obtained nine to 11 days and 24-32 days after commencement of therapy were negative for all rosaramicin-treated patients seen at follow-up. The first follow-up culture of one erythromycin recipient was positive. The extent of cervicitis decreased in all patients after treatment, but the only patients to achieve a completely normal cervical appearance were those with minimal-to-moderate lesions before treatment. Gastrointestinal side effects, including nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, occurred in ten of 19 patients given erythromycin and in 13 of 18 given rosaramicin. Minimally elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase in serum occurred in four (22.2%) of 18 rosaramicin recipients. It is concluded that rosaramicin and erythromycin stearate both eradicate C. trachomatis cervical infection but frequently cause adverse gastrointestinal effects.
 ...
PMID:Comparison of rosaramicin and erythromycin stearate for treatment of cervical infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. 664 47

A multicenter randomized comparative trial was done to assess the safety and efficacy of oral ofloxacin (400 mg twice daily for 10 days) versus cefoxitin (2 g intramuscularly) followed by doxycycline (100 mg twice daily orally for 10 days) for the outpatient treatment of uncomplicated pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) grew on pretreatment endocervical cultures from 43 of 268 women (16%), and in 30 of 247 women (12%) cultures were positive for Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct). Ninety-five percent (122/128) of the women treated with the ofloxacin regimen and 93% (112/121) of those treated with the cefoxitin/doxycycline regimen had cure or improvement on examination at a minimum of one follow-up visit. All GC species were eradicated by both ofloxacin and cefoxitin. Among women who returned for follow-up, the eradication of C trachomatis was 88% (15/17) for the cefoxitin/doxycycline group and 100% (18/18) for ofloxacin. Side effects were more prevalent in the cefoxitin/doxycycline group (15%) than in the ofloxacin group (7%), nausea/vomiting being the most frequent adverse effect. In this study, it appears that ofloxacin and cefoxitin/doxycycline have similar clinical effectiveness for the outpatient treatment of uncomplicated pelvic inflammatory disease.
 ...
PMID:Multicenter randomized trial of ofloxacin versus cefoxitin and doxycycline in outpatient treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease. Ambulatory PID Research Group. 850 77

A retrospective study was undertaken in order to compare the efficacy and safety of azithromycin and doxycycline in the treatment of pneumonias caused by Chlamydia spp. Patients with radiologically confirmed pneumonia and positive complement fixation test for chlamydial infection who were hospitalized in the University Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Zagreb during the years 1989-1992 were reviewed. Among them, 83 were treated with azithromycin, given in a total dose of 1.5 g over 5 days (500 mg once daily at day 1 followed by 250 mg at days 2-5, 60 patients) or 3 days (500 mg once daily, 23 patients). Twenty-two patients were treated with doxycycline (100 mg b.i.d. for 10 days). Treatment groups were comparable with respect to age, sex, and severity of signs and symptoms of illness. All the patients were cured. There were no differences in duration of fever after treatment initiation between patients treated with azithromycin (whether pretreated with beta-lactam antibiotics or not) and doxycycline (p > 0.05). In addition, 3- and 5-day azithromycin courses were equally effective (p > 0.05). Both drugs were well tolerated, and only two patients treated with azithromycin reported nausea. It may be concluded that in the treatment of pneumonias caused by Chlamydia spp. azithromycin is as effective and well tolerated as doxycycline.
 ...
PMID:Azithromycin in the treatment of pneumonias caused by Chlamydia spp: a retrospective study. 917 8


1 2 3 Next >>