Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The efficacy and safety of different regimens of intravenously administered enprofylline, an anti-asthma xanthine, were evaluated in a randomized open study, including 155 patients with acute exacerbation of obstructive lung disease. The regimen 2.5 mg/kg i.v. over 10 min was canceled after seven patients had been included, due to two cases of hypotensive/vasovagal reactions. The regimens 2.0 mg/kg/20 min and 2.5 mg/kg/20 min were significantly more effective with regard to bronchodilation than 2.0 mg/kg/10 min (PEF increase +35%, +30% and +17% respectively). Nausea and headache were the most common side effects (16-33% and 23-33% of the patients respectively on different regimens) with the lowest frequency on 2.0 mg/kg/20 min. Four additional hypotensive reactions occurred; one on each 2.0 mg/kg regimen and two on 2.5 mg/kg/20 min. The regimen 2.0 mg/kg20 min was found to be the most favourable with regard to efficacy and side effects. Enprofylline i.v. was found to be an effective bronchodilating treatment of acute airway obstruction but the frequency of side effects has to be considered.
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PMID:Efficacy of enprofylline in acute airway obstruction. 201 8

Allergic and pseudoallergic reactions caused by foods respectively food-additives present cutaneous (urticaria, erythrodermia), gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea) and respiratory symptoms (allergic bronchial asthma). The anaphylactic shock is the most severe manifestation. Exact diagnosis is based on anamnesis, skin-tests, laboratory investigations, dietetic test procedures and oral provocation. In allergic and pseudoallergic reactions the adequate therapy is the avoidance of the causative agent (diet).
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PMID:[Food allergies and pseudo-allergies--mechanism, clinical aspects and diagnosis]. 219 98

A total of 104 asthmatic patients with symptoms of asthma and/or a 'morning dip' in the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) who were receiving multiple therapies, including inhaled or oral steroids, were treated in addition once nightly with controlled-release theophylline in an 8-week double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study. Theophylline produced an improvement in symptoms of cough, wheeze, sleep disturbance and PEFR in the 73 completing patients compared to run-in and placebo treatment. Theophylline also produced an improvement in the forced expiratory volume in 1 s and forced vital capacity relative to baseline, and in the difference between actual and predicted PEFR values. Nausea was the most frequent side-effect but both patients' and investigator's global impressions of the effect of study medication were in favour of theophylline.
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PMID:Controlled-release theophylline in the treatment of nocturnal asthma. 222 74

We assessed the efficacy and side effects of oral enprofylline in the maintenance therapy of 206 asthmatics 19 to 71 yr of age. After a 1-wk placebo run-in, patients were randomized to receive in double-blind fashion one of three doses of slow-release enprofylline tablets (150 mg, 300 mg, or 450 mg twice daily) or matching placebo for 4 wk. At baseline, mean (SD) peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) was 62 (19)% of predicted normal values. The mean increase in morning PEFR 12 h after dosing was: for 450 mg, 14(17)%; for 300 mg, 8(23)%; for 150 mg, 2(11)%, for placebo 0(10)%. The increases over baseline for 450 mg and 300 mg compared with 150 mg and placebo were statistically significant. The mean asthma symptoms score (scale zero to 3) exhibited a dose-related reduction. Significantly less beta 2-receptor agonist inhalations were used in the 450-mg group than in the placebo group. There was a statistically significant increase in headache and nausea with the doses 450 mg and 300 mg given twice daily during the first treatment week compared with 150 mg and placebo. Subsequent to the first week, there were no differences between the active treatments and placebo with respect to the incidence of these and other side effects. We conclude that oral enprofylline, in a dosage of 300 to 450 mg twice daily is an effective and well-tolerated drug that may be useful in the maintenance therapy of asthma.
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PMID:A placebo-controlled dose-response study of enprofylline in the maintenance therapy of asthma. 264 7

The hypothesis that undescended testis is caused by an excess of maternal oestrogen in pregnancy has been tested indirectly in a case-control study comparing mothers of boys with undescended testis (83) and mothers of normal boys (129) born on the same day. The study concentrated on the gestation of the boys, but also investigated the mother's previous obstetric history and postnatal events in the boys. The hypothesis predicted that there should be an excess of nausea, vomiting and hypertension in mothers of cases, but in fact the pregnancies of the case and control mothers were similar in all respects except one. The exception was the increased liability of the mothers of cases to threatened abortion. Mothers of cases also had an increased tendency to miscarry in previous conceptions, a reduced number of deliberate terminations and evidence of decreased fertility. An alternative hypothesis is suggested which would explain these findings. This is that placental function is impaired in the gestation of affected boys and the secretion of human chorionic gonadotrophin is reduced. This leads to changes in fetal testicular function and possible maldescent. Those born with undescended testis were more likely to present to a general practitioner with illness in the first three years after birth and this difference was mainly due to asthma, eczema, jaundice and feeding difficulties.
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PMID:Risk factors for undescended testis. 287 9

Ever since xanthines were introduced into asthma therapy, more than 125 years ago, their therapeutic effectiveness has been explained as being due to extrapulmonary rather than, or in addition to, pulmonary drug actions. This article emphasizes that theophylline may have several potentially important effects in the lung. Theophylline relaxes the smooth muscle of large and small airways in humans and animals. Its relaxant effect is relatively independent of the type of mediator that constricts the airway. This suggests that functional antagonism, rather than specific pharmacologic mediator antagonism (e.g., adenosine antagonism), explains its bronchodilator effect. The consistent relaxant property of such xanthines as theophylline distinguishes these compounds from many other classes of established and experimental bronchodilator agents. Furthermore, many anti-inflammatory effects have been noted, suggesting that xanthines might be considered as prophylactic agents. Theophylline may not only attenuate the activity of stationary and blood-borne pulmonary inflammatory cells; it may also exert an anti-inflammatory action by directly affecting targets such as the epithelial lining (increasing the mucociliary transport rate) and the microvasculature (possibly reducing plasma exudation). The experimental anti-inflammatory pharmacology of theophylline is compatible with the observation that theophylline inhibits late pulmonary reactions in patients with atopic asthma and in sensitized animals challenged with allergen. The mechanism(s) of action behind the pulmonary actions of theophylline has not been assessed (neither phosphodiesterase inhibition nor adenosine antagonism may be involved). Central nervous system, gastroesophageal, renal, and metabolic actions of theophylline are briefly reviewed. Headache, nausea, and the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter can perhaps be classified as nonexcitatory and inhibitory effects in which the mechanism(s) of action is unknown.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Overview of effects of theophylline. 287 16

The chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage of ipratropium bromide are reviewed. Ipratropium bromide, a synthetic quaternary isopropyl derivative of atropine, interrupts vagally mediated bronchoconstriction by inhibiting the cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate system at parasympathetic nerve endings. Ipratropium bromide is poorly absorbed after oral and inhaled administration but diffuses rapidly into tissue after i.v. or i.m. administration. The elimination half-life is 3.2-3.8 hours. After inhalation, the drug is eliminated in the urine and feces. The bronchodilatory effect of ipratropium bromide in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease appears to be comparable, and may be superior, to that of the beta-sympathomimetic agents. In acute exacerbations, ipratropium bromide is useful but may not be the preferred agent because of a delayed onset of action (within 15 minutes; mean dose-dependent duration of effect, three to five hours). Combination therapy with other bronchodilating drugs has proved useful. Ipratropium bromide may be a useful adjunctive agent in the treatment of asthma. Since the onset of action is delayed, ipratropium bromide should not be used as single-drug therapy in an acute asthmatic exacerbation. Reported adverse effects, including cough, nausea, palpitations, dry mouth, nervousness, gastrointestinal distress, and dizziness, have been mild. The usual dosage is two inhalations (36 micrograms) four times daily, and the maximum number of doses per day should not exceed 12. Although ipratropium bromide is currently indicated only for maintenance therapy in stable chronic bronchitis and emphysema, it may be useful as adjunctive therapy in asthma and in the management of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and asthma. Additional experience in a variety of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders will help to clarify the role of ipratropium bromide in the treatment of obstructive pulmonary disease.
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PMID:Use of ipratropium bromide in obstructive lung disease. 297 9

The recognition that inflammatory events in the airways play a key role in the pathogenesis of asthma has led to a relentless search for pharmacological agents which modify these processes. Nedocromil sodium (Tilade) represents one such agent. Nedocromil sodium, when inhaled by patients with asthma (0.05-0.50% nebulized, 0.5-4.0 mg m.d.i.), has been shown to inhibit immediate bronchoconstriction provoked by challenges with allergen (10 studies), exercise (five studies), isocapnic hyperventilation, fog and sulphur dioxide (one study each) and adenosine (two studies). With these challenges, inhibition of bronchoconstriction exhibited dose-dependency up to 4 mg, with nedocromil sodium being up to four times more potent than sodium cromoglycate. When inhaled prior to allergen provocation, nedocromil sodium inhibited the late asthmatic reaction; when taken regularly during the pollen season, it attenuated the allergen-induced increase in non-specific bronchial responsiveness. The efficacy of nedocromil sodium (4 mg q.i.d.) in the treatment of clinical asthma was initially shown in four open studies and subsequently confirmed in nine double-blind, placebo-controlled 4-12 week studies on patients with seasonal and perennial asthma. Further clinical trials (eight studies) identified some difficulty in replacing inhaled corticosteroids with nedocromil sodium, especially if the corticosteroids were reduced rapidly (four studies). However, two studies have shown that nedocromil sodium produced further improvement in asthma symptoms when used in addition to bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids. Treatment with nedocromil sodium (4 mg q.i.d.) for up to 52 weeks demonstrated a progressive reduction in bronchodilator usage throughout the whole treatment period. During clinical assessment, nedocromil sodium was well tolerated, side-effects being unpleasant taste, nausea and headache. In most cases the adverse reactions were mild and transient, although in approximately 3% of patients they resulted in withdrawal from clinical trials. Thus, nedocromil sodium is a novel drug of proven efficacy in the treatment of asthma. Its position in the therapeutic armamentarium is likely to be as an adjunct to bronchodilators and inhaled steroids, to produce improvement in symptoms beyond that achieved with the already established drugs.
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PMID:Clinical evaluation of nedocromil sodium in asthma. 302 89

The effects of a new inhaled antimuscarinic drug, oxitropium bromide, and of a slow-release theophylline preparation upon nocturnal asthma were compared in a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Two samples were studied: 12 patients received oxitropium at 600 micrograms (6 subjects) or at 400 micrograms t.i.d. (6 subjects) whereas 11 received theophylline at 300 mg b.i.d. Morning dipping, assessed by the fall in peak flow overnight, was significantly reduced in the periods when either active drug was taken, whereas no difference was noticed during the placebo administration. No significant difference was noticed between results obtained with either active drug, as well as with either dosage of oxitropium. No subject reported side effects of oxitropium, as compared to three subjects reporting nausea, vomiting and tremors after theophylline. Oxitropium proves to be a valuable alternative to theophylline in nocturnal asthma, since it is equally potent, safer and does not require the titration of dosage.
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PMID:Comparison of the effect of oxitropium bromide and of slow-release theophylline on nocturnal asthma. 307 91

A double-blind crossover study has been performed in 14 patients with moderately severe chronic asthma to compare the bronchodilator efficacy of two dosage regimens of intravenous enprofylline (high dose = 2 mg/kg bolus and 1 mg/kg/hour infusion; low dose = 1 mg/kg bolus and 500 micrograms/kg/hour infusion) with aminophylline (5 mg/kg/bolus and 500 micrograms/kg/hour infusion) and placebo. The bolus injections were given over 20 minutes and infusion over 160 minutes. Twelve subjects completed the study. High dose enprofylline was more effective than aminophylline in increasing PEF (P = 0.008) and FEV1 (P = 0.004). Low dose enprofylline and aminophylline were of similar efficacy. Side-effects, notably headaches and nausea, were more common with enprofylline; three out of 14 subjects receiving the high dose regimen developed severe nausea. The plasma enprofylline levels achieved with the high dose regimen were greater than anticipated. Further studies are required in acute severe asthma to clarify the therapeutic role of intravenous enprofylline and the most appropriate dosage regimen.
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PMID:Enprofylline in chronic asthma. 307 90


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