Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A new "normophasic" oral contraceptive, Fisioquens (7 tablets of .05 mg ethinylestradiol, and 15 tablets with .05 mg ethinylestradiol and 1 mg lynestrenol) was taken by 120 fertile women for an average of 9.24 cycles, maximum of 12 cycles, and a total of 1108 cycles. There were no pregnancies, no drug related drop outs, good menstrual control and very few side effects. Latent period before withdrawal bleeding was 2-3 days in 89.9% of cycles. Bleeding lasted 4.5 days in 72% of cycles, occurred every 28 days in 88%, was usually the same in amount, sometimes increased. There was breakthrough bleeding in .38% of cycles, spotting in 2%, and amenorrhea in only 2 cycles. Side effects included nausea (worsened in 3.3%, improved in 5%); headache (worsened in 9.1%, improved in 10.8%); breast pain (worsened in 7.5%, improved in 17.5%); leg pain (worsened in 8.3%, improved in 7.5%); leucorrhea (worsened in 1.6%, improved in 30.8%); psychological status (worsened in 2.4%, improved in 7.5%). Whether the patients had previously been taking other pills was not stated. The author concluded that this formulation was efficacious and acceptable because it resembles a sequential, but gives longer protection of progestagen.
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PMID:[Clinical study of a new, normophasic type oral contraceptive]. 477 56

The efficacy, side effects, and biologic actions of the progestogen-only minipills marketed since February 1973 are reviewed. The preparations are: 350 mcg norethisterone (Micronor Ortho), 30 mcg d-norgestrel (Microlut Schering and Microval Wyeth), and 500 mcg lynestrenol (Exluton Organon). The efficacy of these drugs depends on motivation: Pearl indexes vary from 1.17-3.72 for norethisterone, .9-4.4 for d-norgestrel, and .8- 2.2 for lynestrenol. Some physiologic effects of minipills possibly related to their mode of action are impermeable cervical mucus and low levels of progesterone, pregnanediol, estrogen, and LH. The side effects influencing dropout most are spotting (40-55% in the first cycle), polymenorrhea (about 10%), and amenorrhea (about 5-10%). Some transient estrogenic side effects such as nausea, headaches, and breast pain may be due to estrogenic metabolites from lynestrenol and norethisterone. None of the severe estrogenic side effects, such as thrombophlebitis and impaired glucose tolerance and liver function, are characteristic of progestogen pills.
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PMID:[Minipill as the new contraceptive method]. 481 42

The efficacy, safety, and patient acceptance of an oral contraceptive containing 150 mcg d-norgestrel and 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol (150/30) were studied in 99 women who completed 754 cycles of medication between late 1971 and October 1973. 1 pregnancy occurred giving a pregnancy rate of 1.6 per 100 woman-years. This woman's previous history indicated unreliability in pill taking. The mean pretreatment length of menses was 4.9 days and during treatment, 4 days. Although intermenstrual bleeding and amenorrhea were noted in early cycles, there was a decrease in the usual incidence of headaches, nausea, vomiting, and depression. Results of the study and patients' acceptance suggest that the 150/30 combination may be used as the oral contraceptive of first choice.
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PMID:Clinical assessment of a low-dose oestrogen, low-dose progestogen combined oral contraceptive. 482 25

Experience with 100 women using Kombiquens as a contraceptive is reported. 2 pregnancies, 1 due to faulty pill-taking, were observed in the study group. Side effects were observed in only 12 patients and included weight gain, nausea, and breakthrough bleeding. 2 women with varicosis reported increased venous pain. Thrombosis and amenorrhea were not observed. Full contraceptive security is not reached until the 2nd cycle, but the excellent tolerance of this preparation is a recommendation.
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PMID:[Experiences with a further developed sequence-type ovulation inhibitor (Kombiquens) in gynecologic or ambulatory care]. 506 Mar 11

123 women took NOR 50 (1 mg norethindrone and .05 mg mestranol, combined) for a total of 1779 cycles, ranging from 1-42 months. The chief indication was contraception, but some also had menstrual irregularity (47 cases), menorrhagia (54), dysmenorrhea (41), chronic pain (11), premenstrual syndrome (13), and acne (3). There were no pregnancies, and all gynecological complaints were cured except 1 case of pain and 1 of acne. Side effects included 4 who stopped for nausea and vomiting, 28 who had transient nausea, 50 with metrorragia (according to the author, probably due to forgotten pills in severe cases), 29 with amenorrhea, 27 with breast pain, 7 with loss of libido, 1 with cholasma. The author remarked that the dimunution of menstrual flow and the improvement to those with fibroids was striking.
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PMID:[Clinical study of an estroprogestative agent]. 512 21

The effects of large doses of ethinyl estradiol on implantation and early gestation in women were evaluated. 32 women exhibiting early amenorrhea were treated with a daily dose of 1 mg of ethinyl estradiol for 7 consecutive days. It was determined through testing that 12 of the women were not pregnant. In 14 of the 20 pregnant women, side effects were noted in the form of nausea and vomiting. Histologic examination of the endometrial specimens indicated the presence of placental tissue in all subjects. It was considered possible that the dose of ethinyl estradiol administered might be insufficient to induce abortion. In a second study, a dose of 5 mg was administered daily for 7 days to a group of 6 women. The beginning of estrogen treatment varied between 36 and 46 days. Nausea was milder in this group than in the subjects treated with only 1 mg of ethinyl estradiol. Abortion did not occur. In a third study, 4 fertile women with approximately normal cycles were given daily doses of 5 mg of ethinyl estradiol from the twenty-first to the twenty-eighth day of the cycle during 2 cycles. 3 of the 4 subjects became pregnant. It was concluded that ethinyl estradiol is not a reliable abortifacient in women and that its efficiency as a postcoital contraceptive may be limited to a relatively short period following ovulation and prior to implantation.
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PMID:Failure of large doses of ethinyl estradiol to interfere with early embryonic development in the human species. 542 72

To study the safety and efficacy of a norgestrel-ethinyl estradol oral contraceptive compound, 300 Mexican women, 16-42 years of age were orally administered .5 mg norgestrel and .05 mg ethinyl estradiol (Ovral) daily over a total of 3175 study cycles. Most of the women were poor., uneducated and of high parity. None of the patients in the study became pregnant, even in the cycles where 1 or more doses were omitted. The menstrual cycle remained basically unaltered with breakthrough bleeding or spotting sometimes reported, usually when doses were missed. Unexplained amenorrhea occurred in 1.2% of the cycles. Though 5% of the women were ovulatory at one time of another as determined by pregnandiol levels, no pregnancy resulted, which is probably explained by changes in the cervical mucus caused by the pills making an inhospitable environment for sperm migration. Psychosomatic-related side-effects included nausea, headache and decreased libido in less than 1% of the cycles. Chloasma aggravated by poor dietary intake occurred in .5% of the cycles. No malignant, peripheral vascular or other serious disease occurred during the treatment and no significant endometrial alterations were seen.
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PMID:Norgestrel and ethynyl estradiol: a new low-dosage oral agent for fertility control. 563 91

264 women (about 50% private patients), all less than 40 years old and none with history contraindicating oral contraception, were started on a regimen with Ovral (.5 mg norgestrel and .05 mg ethinyl estradiol). Medication started on Day 5 of a menstrual cycle. Then therapy followed a 3 weeks on, 7 days off schedule. Patients continued for 1-22 cycles (mean 7 cycles) for a total of 1918 cycles. Despite the omission of 42 doses by 32 patients, no pregnancies occurred. The percentages of cycles with average flow, spotting, breakthrough bleeding, and dysmenorrhea were 74.4, 2.5, .4, and .6, respectively. The incidence of amenorrhea, .2%, was spectacularly low in comparison with findings in other studies. Papanicolaou smears (483) were all normal (Class I or II). Morphologic changes seen at endometrial biopsy (61) were similar to those produced by other available progestogen-estrogen compounds. No significant variation from control findings (1878) were found in 1463 laboratory studies. The studies included leukocyte and differential counts (724), and determinations of hemoglobin and hematocrit (388), fasting blood sugar and blood urea nitrogen (114), bilirubin and liver function (61), and renal function (176). Minor symptoms (nausea, vomiting, headache, etc.) were few and disappeared after the first few cycles. The preparation suppresses ovulation (probably through action of the estrogen), probably alters the cervical mucus to inhibit sperm penetration, possibly interferes with nidation, and may interfere with follicular development.
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PMID:Norgestrel, a low dose, oral progestogen for fertility contro. Supplementary report. 564 94

Progress in new drug developments is discussed in relation to newly registered drugs and drugs in the animal and/or clinical research stage. Of central nervous system drugs new neuroleptics, antidepressants, tranquilizers, psychotropics, antiparkinson and anticonvulsant agents are discussed in terms of chemical structure, pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Likewise for anti-infective drugs such as antibiotics, antifungal, and antiparasitic agents. New synthetic antiinflammatory glucocorticoids are being developed and tested for toxicity and clinical effect. Estrogen and gestagen research continues but few new substances with more effective action than currently-used compounds have been found. Initial clinical testing of Tibolon shows it to prevent postmenopausal osteolysis and hot flashes. ST-1435 is still being tested as an implantable contraceptive. It causes amenorrhea and reduces plasma estradiol and progesterone. No progress is seen in research on nonhormonal substances with contraceptive action, except for prostaglandins although no new derivatives with high tissue selectivity for uterine smooth muscle, nor early applicable abortifacients, have been found. Metenprost is being studied as a self-administered abortifacient: in one study 98% of completed abortions were seen with 30-40% adverse effects (nausea, vomiting, fever). DL204-IT and L-11,204 are triazoloisoindole and triazoloisoquinolone derivatives which have been tested in various dosages and dosage forms on animals in various pregnancy stages. Optimum contraceptive action occurs in the early blastocyst stage. The plant extracts Zoapatanol and Montanol show dose-dependent inhibition of implantation in animal studies but the contraceptive action mechanism is not known. Oxendolone shows an unmistakable antiandrogenic effect. Action mechanism is assumed to be inhibition of the 5 alpha-reduction of testosterone. It has a long plasma half-life in rats (3.6 days). It has been clinically tested in Japan (weekly intramuscular injection of 200-400 mg) in prostatic hypertrophy. Longterm studies are not yet available.
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PMID:[Progress in the area of drug development. 15]. 613 42

After total mastectomy and partial axillary dissection, 805 premenopausal women with stage II breast cancer were randomized to receive postoperative radiotherapy (RT) alone, RT + cyclophosphamide (C) for 12 monthly cycles, or RT + cyclophosphamide/methotrexate/5-fluorouracil (CMF) for 12 monthly cycles. At 3 years actuarial relapse-free survival for RT + C and RT + CMF was significantly better than for RT alone (p = 0.0009 and 0.0001, respectively). There was no significant difference in relapse-free survival between RT + C and RT + CMF. C resulted in more pronounced haematologic toxicity and a higher frequency of amenorrhoea and of alopecia than CMF, while CMF resulted in more pronounced nausea and stomatitis than C. In the preliminary results, C alone may be as effective as CMF in prolonging relapse-free survival in premenopausal women with stage II breast cancer.
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PMID:Adjuvant chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide or CMF in premenopausal women with stage II breast cancer. 634 78


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