Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The natural history of alcoholism was first charted out in 1946 by Jellinek, whose original results have been replicated by multiple research groups. They have verified a general progression of alcohol dependence through a series of identifiable phases. The study investigated the sequence of events in the course of alcohol dependence and its deviations from randomness. The study consisted of 36 patients with alcohol dependence, subjected to a structured questionnaire containing 34 items describing the phenomenology of alcohol dependence, based on the lines of SCID. The items experienced by each patient were identified and then plotted on a timeline graph according to an important life event, the items being represented on cards given to the patients randomly. The subjects were re-interviewed after one week and asked to rank their symptoms again to analyze test-retest reliability. The analysis of the item ordering was determined by null hypothesis of randomness. The ordering showed three phases. The early phase was characterized by features of increased tolerance loss of flexibility, and salience. The middle phase consisted mainly of the need for alcohol, and the late phase was predominated by features of physiological withdrawal, tremors, nausea, panics, and hallucinations. There is a characteristic ordering of new events and symptoms, which suggests a developmental process of alcoholism, but this is apparent only if attention is confined to a limited part of the broad spectrum. This process is obscured by consideration of the social concomitants of alcohol dependence. The study of the natural history of alcohol dependence is essential in recognizing and treating the problem and determining whether an intervention appears to be working.
 ...
PMID:A study of the temporal course of phenomenology of alcohol dependence. 1601 72

Pellagra is a systemic disturbance caused by a cellular deficiency of niacin, resulting from inadequate dietary nicotinic acid and/or its precursors, the essential amino-acid tryptophan. In Europe and North America cases of pellagra are rarely encountered, but in some developing countries this disease is frequent, and is the most frequent clinical feature of nutritional deficiency of adult. The principal causes of pellagra are: nutritional niacin deficiency; chronic alcoholism; gastro-intestinal malabsorption; some medications (5-fluoro-uracil, isoniazid, pyrazinamide ehtionamide, 6-mercaptopurine, hydantoins, phenobarbital and chloramphenicol). The diagnosis of pellagra is based on the patient's history and the presence of "3 D syndrome": dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia. The dermatitis caused by pellagra is a bilaterally symmetrical erythema at the sites of solar exposure. The dermatitis begins in the form of an erythema with acute or intermittent onset gradually changing to an exsudative eruption on the dorsa of the hand, face, neck, and chest with pruritus and burning. Acute dermatitis of pellagra resembles sunburn in the first stages, sometimes with vesicles and bullae. The gastro-intestinal disturbances are: anorexia, nausea, epigastric discomfort and chronic or recurrent diarrhea. Anorexia and malabsorbative diarrhea lead to a state of malnutrition and cachexia. Stools are typically watery, but occasionally can be bloody and mucoid. Neuropsychologic manifestation included photophobia, asthenia, depression, hallucinations, confusions, memory loss and psychosis. As pellagra advances, patient become disoriented, confused and delirious; then stuporous and finally die. Pathological changes in the skin is non-specific, there are no chemical tests available to definitively diagnose pellagra. However low levels of urinary excretion of N-methylnicotinamide and pyridone indicates niacin deficiency. The treatment of pellagra consisted to exogenous administration of niacin or nicotinamide cures. Topical management of skin lesions with emollients may reduce discomfort. The therapy should also include other B vitamins, zinc and magnesium as well as a diet rich in calories. The prevention is based in the nutritional education (food sources of niacin: eggs, bran, peanuts, meat, poultry, fish, red meat, legumes and seeds), and the eviction of alcohol.
 ...
PMID:[Pellagra]. 1620 85

Amifostine is a broad-spectrum cytoprotective agent approved for protection against cisplatin toxicities and radiation-induced xerostomia; strong clinical evidence exists that amifostine protects normal mucosa and lung from radiation damage. Hypotension, nausea/vomiting, fatigue and fever/rash are the main side-effects associated with amifostine administration. The present study summarizes our experience on daily amifostine administration to cancer patients with various coexisting medical conditions and diseases. The tolerance and the eventual interference of amifostine with the course of the coexisting diseases is reported, providing a core list of medical conditions met in radiotherapy practice, their compatibility with amifostine administration and recommendations on how to deal with these patients. This list comprises genetic diseases (xeroderma pigmentosum, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency), autoimmune disorders (vitiligo, scleroderma, thyroiditis, perforating collagenosis), metabolic diseases (diabetes mellitus), cardiovascular diseases, neuro/psychiatric diseases and other medical conditions (hypoglycemia, hepatic cirrhosis, alcoholism). A high incidence of fever/rash was noted in patients with autoimmune diseases, while all other conditions did not alter the patterns of side-effects expected following amifostine administration.
 ...
PMID:Amifostine administration during radiotherapy for cancer patients with genetic, autoimmune, metabolic and other diseases. 1642 30

An extended-release intramuscular formulation of naltrexone that provides sustained release of the drug over a 28-day period has been developed with the aim of improving treatment adherence in patients treated with naltrexone for alcohol dependence. Biodegradable polylactide-co-glycolide polymer microspheres containing 34% w/w naltrexone are reconstituted in an aqueous suspension just prior to intramuscular administration. Extended-release intramuscular naltrexone 380 mg administered once every 4 weeks, in combination with psychosocial therapy, demonstrated superior efficacy to placebo plus psychosocial therapy in reducing the heavy drinking event rate (primary endpoint) in adult patients with alcohol dependence in a 6-month well controlled trial. Among the subset of patients who abstained completely from drinking during the 7 days prior to the first dose of medication (n = 53; 8% of the total study population), those treated with extended-release intramuscular naltrexone 380 mg had greater reductions in the number of drinking days and the number of heavy drinking days compared with placebo recipients. Treatment with extended-release intramuscular naltrexone 380 mg once every 4 weeks for up to 18 months was generally well tolerated, with infrequent treatment-related serious adverse events. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation were nausea, injection site reaction and headache. The proportion of patients with clinically significant plasma transaminase elevations was not different between patients receiving extended-release intramuscular naltrexone and those receiving placebo.
 ...
PMID:Extended-release intramuscular naltrexone. 1697 40

Disulfiram (Antabuse) is used for aversive treatment of alcohol dependence with good effects. Through inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase, disulfiram heightens serum aldehyde concentration after alcohol ingestion and causes aversive disulfiram-ethanol reaction. Typical symptoms of this reaction include flushing, nausea, dyspnea, tremor, and confusion, which are usually self-limiting. However, severe life-threatening arterial hypotension sometimes develops. We report here a patient with generalized flushing, tremor, and refractive hypotension after ingestion of alcohol 18 hours after disulfiram treatment. Initial volume resuscitation and dopamine infusion failed to restore the blood pressure. Noradrenaline was given and the blood pressure returned to normal range. This case illustrates the intensity of disulfiram-ethanol reaction and underscores the advantageous use of noradrenaline in patients in such a critical condition.
 ...
PMID:Refractive hypotension in a patient with disulfiram-ethanol reaction. 1722 Jun 94

Recently, we reported that naltrexone at 150 mg/day significantly decreased cocaine and alcohol use for men but not women with co-occurring cocaine and alcohol dependence. The present study is an exploratory investigation of predictors that explain the different gender responses to naltrexone, with a particular focus on differential predictors of treatment attrition. No significant predictors were associated with treatment discontinuation in men. Women, however, were more likely to discontinue treatment when reporting severe pre-treatment psychiatric problems or nausea while in treatment. Further research on the impact of pre-treatment and in-treatment gender differences with naltrexone is warranted.
 ...
PMID:Gender differences in predictors of treatment attrition with high dose naltrexone in cocaine and alcohol dependence. 1903 37

Liver alcohol dehydrogenase oxidizes ethanol to acetaldehyde, which is further oxidized to acetate by aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2*1). Individuals who carry a low-activity ALDH2 (ALDH2*2) display high blood acetaldehyde levels after ethanol consumption, which leads to dysphoric effects, such as facial flushing, nausea, dizziness, and headache ("Asian alcohol phenotype"), which result in an aversion to alcohol and protection against alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Mimicking this phenotype may reduce alcohol consumption in alcoholics. RNA interference (RNAi) is a cell process in which a short interfering RNA (siRNA) of 21-25 bp guides the degradation of a complementary target mRNA. Thus, siRNAs may be useful in mimicking the Asian phenotype by inhibiting ALDH2 gene expression. We determined the inhibitory effect of three chemically synthesized siRNAs targeted against rat ALDH2 mRNA in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293 cell lines) transfected with a plasmid carrying the rat ALDH2 cDNA. Two of the three siRNAs were active, yielding a 65-75% reduction of ALDH2 activity. Based on the most promising siRNA sequence, three short hairpin RNA (shRNA) genes driven by the human U6 RNA promoter were designed and cloned in a plasmid. After transfection of HEK-293 cells, one of the genes was shown to be active, yielding a 50% reduction of ALDH2 activity. This effect is consistent with a 50% reduction in ALDH2 mRNA, whereas neither beta-actin mRNA nor the interferon-inducible transmembrane protein-1 mRNA levels were affected. This study describes chemically synthesized siRNAs and an endogenously synthesized shRNA, which reduce ALDH2 activity and constitute tools that should be of value for further alcohol research.
 ...
PMID:RNA interference against aldehyde dehydrogenase-2: development of tools for alcohol research. 1925 Nov 11

Rhabdomyolysis is a rare but potentially life-threatening disorder. The long list of known risk factors includes trauma, drug intoxication, alcoholism, hyperpyrexia, vascular occlusion, infections, electrolyte imbalances, heat intolerance, seizures, severe exertion, and substance abuse. Exercise-induced muscle damage is commonly experienced after physical activity, and different studies showed that the amount of protein consumed seems to affect its magnitude. In this regard, some concern has been raised about vegetarian athletes. We present a case of rhabdomyolysis that occurred in a young athlete following a poorly planned vegetarian diet. The athlete experienced progressive weakness and intermittent muscle aches particularly in the legs, malaise, episodic tachycardia, and nausea. Serum creatine kinase was markedly elevated (9952 units/liter), and a mild alteration of transaminase values was observed. The patient was hydrated intravenously and recovered fully within 5 days. The controlled introduction of a planned amount of protein in the diet allowed the athlete to carry on with his sporting activity fully without any further muscle problems. Physical exercise mainly engages the muscular system, and a balanced diet is essential to ensure the energy demands and the anabolic response. A vegetarian diet per se is not associated with detrimental effects in athletes, but an optimal protein intake should be achieved through careful planning with an emphasis on protein-rich plant foods.
 ...
PMID:Rhabdomyolysis in a young vegetarian athlete. 1966 78

Naltrexone, a broad opioid-receptor antagonist, was the first medication since disulfiram to be approved by the United States of America Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of alcohol dependence. In the initial clinical trials in the early 1990s, oral naltrexone, 50 mg, was shown to significantly reduce the risk of relapsing to heavy drinking compared to placebo. These early trials were followed by other trials throughout the world such that by 2010 about 4,000 individuals had been studied. Meta-analyses of these trials revealed that oral naltrexone is effective in reducing relapse to heavy drinking but less effective in enhancing abstinence. The effect size is modest, in the .15 to .2 range, which has impacted the adoption of naltrexone use by clinicians. Intramuscular versions of naltrexone active for one month have also shown efficacy. The tolerability of naltrexone is reasonable with the most common side-effect being nausea. Hepatotoxicity with naltrexone has not emerged as a clinical problem at the standard 50 mg dose though at higher doses hepatoxicity is of concern. The length of treatment with naltrexone has not been well studied though many clinicians recommend one year of treatment. Efforts are underway to identify predictors of naltrexone response but, to date, no predictor has achieved clinical utility. It is anticipated that the role of naltrexone and other opioid antagonists in the treatment of alcohol dependence will continue to be refined and that this class of medications will come to be seen as an important option in the clinical care of the patient with alcohol dependence.
 ...
PMID:Efficacy and tolerability of naltrexone in the management of alcohol dependence. 2048 15

Anxiety disorders and alcohol dependence have a higher co-occurence than expected by chance only. This association has a double origin, as the presence of alcohol dependence increases by 6 the risk of any anxious disorder, and the presence of an anxious disorder multiply by 3 the risk of alcohol-dependence. Interestingly, a large population-based epidemiological study performed 10 years apart clearly showed that anxiety disorders moderatly increase the risk of regular consumption in non-consumers or irregular drinkers (by 70%), does not increase ther risk of abuse in regular drinkers, but has a strong impact on the risk of alcohol dependence while already an abuser (OR = 2.7). Assessing the kinetic of symptoms of anxiety and focusing on some symptoms that are more specific than others (for example nausea, vomiting and/or shaking hands in the morning, all being relieved by the first drink) is helpful. Treating anxiety symptoms in alcohol dependence means, whatever the type of relationship they have, to begin with a detoxification program. Indeed, antidepresants have a larger liver-toxicity in alcohol dependence, and benzodiazepine loose most of their benefits with high level of alcohol consumption. Furthermore, when benzodiazepines are taken with large doses of alcohol, the risk of severe withdrawal symptoms is increased (such as seizures). The same trend could be proposed for psychotherapy, as cognitive behavioural therapy sollicitates a lot executive functions. The neurotoxicity of alcohol explains the damages on executive functions, CBT therefore should have larger efficacy after the detoxification program, helping to reduce the risk of relapse.
 ...
PMID:[Alcohol dependence and anxious disorders: dangerous liaisons]. 2062 97


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Next >>