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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of orally administered zinc sulfate in 52 patients with mild to moderate acne vulgaris were compared to those of a placebo capsule. The numbers of comedones, papules, pustules, infiltrates, and cysts were counted at each visit over a 12-week period. Forty patients completed the study. Zinc appeared to have a somewhat beneficial effect on pustules but not on comedones, papules, infiltrates, or cysts. Fourteen patients (50%) in the zinc group had side effects of nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Six patients (21%) in the zinc group could not tolerate the nausea and withdrew from the study.
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PMID:Zinc sulfate in acne vulgaris. 15 30

Prevalence rates of various side effects were studied comparatively among 3 oral contraceptive preparations containing 50 mcg of the estrogen component. Norinyl 1/50, Ovral, and Norlestrin 1 were each randomly assigned to groups of 160 healthy women who had consented to participate in the study designed to quantitate probabilities of experiencing specific side effects and of their continuing into the subsequent cycles. Acne, breast discomfort, nausea, abdominal bloating, headache, fatigue, depression, irritability, vaginal discharge, and breakthrough bleeding were the specific side effects studied; only breakthrough bleedings showed a statistical difference in prevalence. The rate of breakthrough bleeding associated with Ovral use in the 1st 3 cycles (16.6%) was significantly (P .05) lower than that associated with using either Norinyl or Norlestrin (46% and 51.7%, respectively). Norelestrin, aside from breakthrough bleeding, was reported as generally freer of side effects than the other 2 preparations. The probabilities of side effects being experienced in the 2nd or 3rd cycle after the effect(s) was experienced in the 1st cycle showed that overall, for all 3 combination pills, the probabilities significantly decreased from the 2nd to the 3rd cycle (P .05). Also examined was the probability that a side effect would occur in the 2nd or 3rd cycle if the user had not experienced such an effect in the 1st cycle. In each instance, the probabilities are significantly lower (P .05) than the corresponding probabilities where the symptom had been experienced in a previous cycle. These data support the contention that side effects experienced on inititation of oral contraceptives should not prohibit its continuation because the majority of symptoms will disappear as the patient becomes accustomed to the hormonal preparation.
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PMID:The probability of side effects with ovral, norinyl 1/50 and norlestrin. 16 Aug 60

In addition to oral contraceptives (OCs), the morning-after pill, the minipill, and depot preparations also belong to hormonal contraceptives. The latter two contraceptives have not become established among young women because of inadequate cycle control. For postcoital contraception in Austria, Neogynon and Stediril-D, consisting of 0.05 mg of ethinyl estradiol (EE) + 0.25 mg of levonorgestrel, are used within 48 hours of unprotected intercourse. Lower dose OCs have considerably reduced the risks of side effects. Micropills are the optimal OCs with EE under 50 mcg combined with the new generation of gestagens. The beneficial effects include menstrual regularity and the prevention of anemia, ovarian cysts, and fibrocystic mastopathy. Nausea, headache, spotting, and weight gain do occur in individual cases, even among young people. The potential risk of thromboembolism is the most important, although arterial cardiovascular risk is minimal in young age. The probability of postpill amenorrhea is less than 1%. Micropills can be used by young diabetics provided the disease is not beyond 10 years' duration and there is no angiopathy. Acne, seborrhea, and hirsutism are beneficially influenced by a combination of 0.035 mg of EE with 2 mg of cyproterone acetate. The relative risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer are only about half as high among OC users as among nonusers. The risk of breast cancer in young OC users has not been conclusively explained. Regular colposcopy and cytology is recommended for young OC users to preclude the risk of malignancies of the genital tract. Sex education and the use of OCs that are the most suitable and effective for young people can reduce the number of unwanted pregnancies and abortion. The comparison of two 5-year periods in the 1970s and 1980s at the University Obstetrical-Gynecological Clinic in Graz showed that the incidence of births among women under 18 years of age decreased from 3.6% (778) to 1.6% (353).
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PMID:[Benefits and risks of hormonal contraception]. 146 64

Femovan contains 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and 75 mcg of gestodene. Gestodene has been used in combination oral contraceptives since 1987 in 38 countries with hardly any effect on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism or fibrinolysis. Its contraceptive reliability for menstrual cycle control and tolerance was examined. A total of 102.769 women aged 18-35 with 593.455 menstrual cycles were included in 2 phases. Most of the women were German women, but the study included women from Europe and Latin America. Although 2-8% of the women took Femovan irregularly, only 3 pregnancies occurred in 414 English women (4704 cycles), 7 in 3267 German women (36.711 cycles), and 124 in 95.906 German women (523.477) as a result of forgetfulness. The pearl index reached .16 and .22 in the 2 phases, respectively, under client failure, and .07 and .06 under method failure. Bleeding ranged from .6-2.8% of cycles, while spotting was 4.5-8.2%. The omission of menstrual bleeding occurred in less than 1% of this population. Tension in the breasts, headache, and nausea with nervousness occurred in up to 10% of the women. Nervousness, vertigo, and depression was significantly less frequent. Acne and edema occurred only in a few cases. The average increase of body weight was a maximum of .8 kg. Blood pressure was unchanged for a few cases. There were 2 and 26 cases, respectively, of thromboembolitic diseases in the 2 phases amounting to .3 and .6/1000 woman years of use which compares to .4-1.7/1000 of the Oxford-Family Planning Association cohort study results. Femovan was discontinued on medical grounds (headache, nausea, and irregular bleeding) in 10.3% of 3267 German women and in 7.5% of 95.906 German women. Femovan's acceptance rate was remarkably high, and it proved to reliable and well-tolerated.
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PMID:[Clinical experiences with femovan (Gynera)]. 209 80

The effects of ketoconazole, a synthetic imidazole derivate, were evaluated in 42 women affected by acne (17 cases) and/or hirsutism (36 cases) treated with 400 mg/day for 3-6 months. Androstenedione, total and free testosterone, 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone levels progressively dropped during treatment while 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone, estradiol, ACTH, cortisol, LH and FSH levels increased. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate decreased only towards the end of treatment, while estrone, sex hormone binding globulin, and PRL remained unchanged. Daily mean +/- SD rate of hair growth, measured by a special image analysis processor, decreased within 3 months of therapy from 0.258 +/- 0.058 to 0.184 +/- 0.039 mm/day (P less than 0.02) and mean +/- SD hair diameter from 0.123 +/- 0.015 to 0.110 +/- 0.013 mm (P less than 0.05) together with decreasing hormone levels. The therapeutic effects of ketoconazole on hirsutism was evident at 6 months in only 14 subjects, while no significant change in hirsutism score was recorded in 22 women who failed to complete the therapy. Acne improved in all cases. Several side effects and complications arose during treatment, such as headache, nausea, loss of scalp hair, hepatitis, and biochemical changes. Even though ketoconazole improves hyperandrogenism, only selected patients are eligible for treatment as scrupulous monitoring is required.
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PMID:Ketoconazole therapy for women with acne and/or hirsutism. 216 69

31 women aged 26-35 were observed during hormonal contraception with Femovan (in Poland registered as Femoden). The aim of the study was an analysis of effectiveness, influence on menstrual cycles and adverse effects in Femovan users. The conclusions of the study indicated that Femovan is very effective in contraception (Pearl index = 0). It provides good cycle control. It reduced in 50% women nausea and breast tenderness which occurred before starting of contraception. There were not body gain and elevated blood pressure in any women. Acne was reduced in 40% women after 3 months of using.
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PMID:[Clinical observations using the new contraceptive preparation containing gestagen]. 748 21

During October 1988-April 1990, clinicians randomly allocated 783 healthy women attending six family planning centers and outpatient gynecological clinics in urban areas of Thailand to either the group using a 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol (EE) combined oral contraceptive (OC) with 150 mcg desogestrel (DSG) (394 women) or an OC with 75 mcg gestodene (GSD) (389 women). Researchers aimed to evaluate the efficacy and acceptability of these two third-generation OCs. After six cycles of OC use, the continuation rate was 87.6% for DSG/EE and 85.9% for GSD/EE. No one from either group became pregnant. Women forgot to take the pills during 1.8% of the cycles with DSG/EE and 2% of the cycles with GSD/EE. Breakthrough bleeding was more common than spotting in both groups (0.8-5.4% vs. 0.6-2% for DSG/EE; 0.8-4.4% vs. 0-4.4% for GSD/EE), while in Caucasian women spotting was more common. Breakthrough bleeding and spotting rates were comparable in both groups. Irregular bleeding initially increased, then fell with time. Irregular bleeding for both OC groups was less common than it is in Northern European women. No one experienced any serious side effects. The most common minor side effects were nausea, headache, and breast tenderness. The incidences increased in the first cycle, then fell. They were comparable for both groups. Acne was less frequent after OC use (20.7% at baseline vs. 17.1% at 6 months for DSG/EE and 22% at baseline vs. 16.9% at 6 months for GSD/EE). Neither OC influenced the mean body weight or the mean blood pressure. These findings indicated that both OCs are very effective, provide excellent cycle control, and produce a low incidence of side effects. They also protect against acne.
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PMID:Multicenter trial of two monophasic oral contraceptives containing 30 mcg ethinylestradiol and either desogestrel or gestodene in Thai women. 779 87

Because no contraceptive agent is perfect, patients must weigh the benefits and risks of the contraceptive method they decide to initiate and continue. Individual decision making and provider-client communication interact in complex ways to determine contraceptive behavior. Use of the contraceptive injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) should be preceded by counseling which individualizes its risks and benefits, answers all questions (asked and unasked), and develops a longterm plan to minimize side effects. Counseling should cover the contraceptive and noncontraceptive benefits of DMPA; specific side effects such as bleeding changes, weight changes, and fertility changes; the mechanisms of action; and ways to avoid acquiring sexually transmitted diseases. When evaluating and managing side effects, a differential diagnosis independent of DMPA must be considered first (especially for postcoital bleeding and headache). A pregnancy test should be offered in the first month of amenorrhea, after which no treatment is necessary. Ovulation resumption after use may be spontaneous or may be induced with menotropin therapy. Spotting and breakthrough bleeding may be handled by counseling or by a short course of high-dosage ibuprofen or of low-dose estrogen supplementation. Counseling may help women manage weight gain through caloric reduction and an increase in exercise. Acne which occurs soon after adoption of the method may be managed pharmacologically. Increased intake of dietary fiber and fluids may ameliorate the symptoms of abdominal bloating, and temporary nausea can be treated with antacids. Recent research has shown that depression does not increase with DMPA use, although the contraceptive is sometimes implicated in mood changes. Breast tenderness decreases with prolonged DMPA usage and can be managed with proper support garments and a reduction in other causative agents such as caffeine. Women who experience an increase in varicose veins should wear support hose and elevate their legs when possible. Women with symptoms of hypoestrogenic side effects should undergo a serum estradiol level test and appropriate replacement therapy. DMPA can be used immediately postpartum even in breast-feeding women. Women with amenorrhea should be tested for pregnancy before initiating DMPA or reinitiating use at an interval longer than 11-13 weeks. No adverse side effects have been found if pregnancy does occur.
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PMID:Counseling issues and management of side effects for women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception. 872 1

The side effects of oral contraceptives (OCs) can be minimized by appropriate OC selection. Side effects or perceived side effects that manifest themselves physically--e.g., weight gain, breakthrough bleeding (BTB), nausea, headache, breast tenderness, mood swings, acne, and hirsutism--are the most common causes of premature discontinuation of oral contraception. The relative androgenicity of the progestin component of combination OCs has become an important differential in selecting OC formulations. Several studies have indicated that preparations with less androgenic potential can minimize some of the "physical" side effects and adverse metabolic effects traditionally associated with oral contraception. Acne and hirsutism, common pre-existing conditions that are clearly related to the androgenicity of the progestin component, can be eliminated or improved by use of OCs with low androgenic activity. Many women perceive that OCs cause weight gain; although weight gain is to some extent androgen related, most studies comparing low-androgenic OCs with medium- or high-androgenic preparations have found little or no change in weight regardless of formulation. BTB, which usually subsides within a few months, is related to the dose, potency, and ratio of the estrogen and progestin in the OC formulation. Low-estrogen-dose OCs (< or = 35 micrograms ethinyl estradiol [EE]) containing less androgenic progestins are associated with bleeding patterns as acceptable as older low-estrogen-dose formulations. The same analysis found that smoking cigarettes promotes BTB in women who use OCs. There is no convincing evidence that the use of one progestin or another is less likely to cause or exacerbate headache; however, changing preparations sometimes reduces the incidence. Women with persistent headaches during the pill-free interval may benefit from a longer cycle of OC treatment. Nausea and breast tenderness are primarily estrogen-related effects; if a women experiences persistent nausea, switching to an OC formulation containing 20 micrograms EE may be appropriate as long as the patient is cautioned that BTB is more likely. Mood changes are a common, highly subjective complaint whose relationship to OC use is hard to assess. Concerns about the potentially deleterious effects of combination OCs on lipid/lipoprotein and carbohydrate metabolism have been substantially diminished by new epidemiologic findings relative to cardiovascular disease as well as by the development of low-androgenic progestins. Formulations containing these progestins lower LDL cholesterol and increase HDL cholesterol; they do not affect carbohydrate metabolism as much as older, more androgenic formulations.
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PMID:OC practice guidelines: minimizing side effects. 916 75

Oral contraceptives have been available for a little over 40 years and, during that time, many different formulations have been introduced. There have been dramatic dosage reductions of both the estrogen and progestogen components and various progestogens have been introduced over time. The properties of most progestogens used in oral contraceptives are very similar, differing mainly in potency. Oral contraceptives with progestogens having new and unique properties are needed. World-wide, around 20-30% of women of childbearing age use oral contraceptives and their use declines after the age of 35 years, with an accompanying increase in the rates of unintended pregnancy and elective termination. Incorrect use likewise gives rise to high unintended pregnancy rates. Use in Europe is higher than in other regions. Discontinuation because of unwanted effects and misperceptions is very common. Common misperceptions that prevent women from initiating oral contraceptive use are weight gain, cancer risks and that bleeding indicates a significant problem. Unwanted effects that commonly give rise to discontinuation are bleeding, nausea, weight gain, mood changes, breast tenderness and headaches. Discontinuation rates are high, particularly in the first year, and adolescents have the highest rates of discontinuation. Correct consistent use must be encouraged by taking pills at a regular time each day and by reinforcing that bleeding and other unwanted effects are not medically serious. Reinforcement of the non-contraceptive health benefits is very important and it needs to be emphasized that long-term use enhances these non-contraceptive benefits. Most non-contraceptive benefits are due to the progestogen component and its inhibition of ovulation. The new drospirenone-containing oral contraceptive (Yasmin, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany) offers the traditional non-contraceptive benefits; however, due to its unique antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic properties, new and unique benefits have been observed. Acne is well controlled, as would be expected from its inhibition of ovulation, antiandrogenic activity and lack of attenuation of the estrogen-mediated increase in sex hormone binding globulin. Its antimineralocorticoid activity gives rise to a reduction in fluid-related symptoms. The oral contraceptive containing 3 mg drospirenone with 30 microg ethinylestradiol DRSP/EE) has excellent efficacy since drospirenone is a potent progestogen, the corrected Pearl index being 0.09. This index is lower than those of many other oral contraceptives. Cycle control is excellent and comparable to that experienced with other oral contraceptives. A significant and consistent weight loss was seen with DRSP/EE compared to a reference preparation containing desogestrel. Day-to-day compliance and the duration of intake of an oral contraceptive are dependent on the woman's satisfaction with the pill she is taking. DRSP/EE meets these expectations and, with its new and unique non-contraceptive benefits, offers a real new choice to women.
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PMID:Yasmin: the reason why. 1265 2


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