Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0027121 (myositis)
 4,538 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Scintigraphy with technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate (MDP) delineates a wide spectrum of nonosseous disorders. Neoplastic, hormonal, inflammatory, ischemic, traumatic, excretory, and artifactual entities demonstrate abnormal soft-tissue uptake of Tc-99m MDP. Mechanisms leading to increased extraosseous Tc-99m MDP uptake include extracellular fluid expansion, enhanced regional vascularity and permeability, and elevated tissue calcium concentration. The composition of the calcium deposition and the presence of other metallic ions (eg, iron and magnesium) are important. Soft-tissue Tc-99m MDP uptake is seen in benign (tumoral calcinosis, myositis ossificans) and malignant (sarcomas, adenocarcinomas, metastases) neoplastic entities. Hormonal disturbances in calcium metabolism, especially in hyperparathyroidism, can lead to metastatic calcification, visualized with Tc-99m MDP scintigraphy. Tissue damage from inflammation, infection, or physical trauma results in localized hyperemia, edema, or calcium (and hemosiderin) deposition based on their pathophysiologic characteristics. Urinary tract obstruction, anomalies, or dysfunction are demonstrated by Tc-99m MDP imaging. Common artifacts are related to faulty radiopharmaceutical preparation, Tc-99m MDP administration, and imaging technique. Recognition of these modes of extraskeletal Tc-99m MDP uptake can enhance the diagnostic value of bone scintigraphy.
 ...
PMID:Extraosseous Tc-99m MDP uptake: a pathophysiologic approach. 835 64

The occurrence of renal diabetic complications was studied in diabetic nonobese IIM/FmeSS (eSS) rats. The results were compared with eumetabolic Wistar rats paired by sex and age. Between 6 and 12 months of age, eSS male rats had higher fructosamine values and glucose intolerance as well as increasing proteinuria and uremia. Enhancement in water, calcium and phosphorus fractional excretion with a concomitant lower sodium excretion, was observed from 12 months of age on. 18- and 21-month-old eSS rats exhibited fasting hyperglycaemia and rising values of fructosamine, glucose intolerance and glycosuria. Simultaneously, a notorious worsening of proteinuria as well as alterations in glomerular filtration were verified. Optic microscopy of 12-month-old eSS rat kidneys showed areas of tubular dilatation with protein cylinders. In 21-month-old eSS animals, kidneys appeared overtly damaged. Increased capsular, glomerular and Henle's thin loop diameters were verified in 12- and 21-month-old eSS rats. Glomeruli showed diffuse hypertrophy of mesangial tissue and thickening of the basement membrane. Areas of markedly atrophic and dilated tubules containing acidophilic proteinaceous material were observed. At age of 21 months, kidneys of eumetabolic Wistar control rats presented foci of interstitial and pielic inflammatory infiltrates.
 ...
PMID:Onset and evolution of nephropathy in rats with spontaneous diabetes mellitus. 1087 81

Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disorder of unknown cause. It has protean manifestations and can affect any organ, including bones, joints, muscles, and vessels. This article reviews the most recent information on the immunologic and inflammatory pathogenesis of sarcoidosis and its implications for therapy. Sarcoidosis results from an overexuberant T cell-mediated immune response to the unknown antigen. This antigen presentation/T cell antigen recognition event occurs in a microenvironment that is suffused in proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors that promote cell attraction, adhesion, permeability changes, further cytokine production, and release. An amplified cellular immune response ensues, leading to granuloma formation and fibrosis. The article summarizes the new developments in the medical literature related to the rheumatologic manifestations and their detection and management in sarcoidosis patients. Osseous involvement in sarcoidosis is often underdiagnosed because it can be asymptomatic. New imaging techniques improve detection. Management of osteoporosis in sarcoidosis patients requires special attention because these patients often have an underlying disorder in calcium metabolism that results in hypercalcuria and hypercalcemia. Joint manifestations, such as the classic Lofgren syndrome with accompanying erythema nodosum, may be self-limited or may become chronic, presenting an ongoing therapeutic challenge. Sarcoidosis vasculitis can be devastating, affecting virtually any vessel in any organ and causing significant morbidity. Muscle involvement, like the bony involvement, is underdiagnosed. Symptoms of muscle weakness, aches, tenderness, and fatigue should prompt consideration of occult sarcoid myositis, often with accompanying neurogenic atrophy. Sarcoidosis treatment usually starts with a period of observation before pharmacologic intervention. Corticosteroids remain the first-line therapy. Alternatives to corticosteroids are often introduced either because of steroid intolerance or in an attempt to reduce steroid dose and side effects. The advantages and disadvantages of these second line therapies are reviewed. Medical vigilance, with attention to new patient symptoms, is important in the management of sarcoidosis, because of the tendency of this disease to present in so many and diverse patterns.
 ...
PMID:Sarcoidosis: immunology, rheumatic involvement, and therapeutics. 1114 21

Eleven cases (5 F + 6 M; mean age 48.0 years) of acute noninflammatory renal failure (ANRF) in the course of rhabdomyolysis (RBM) were treated with hemodialysis in years 1995-1999. The causes of RBM were the following: ischemia of lower limbs after vascular operations (4 cases), exhausting exercise with rapid body cooling (3 cases), multiorgan failure after traffic accident, acute myositis (1 case), status epilepticus (1 case), rapid clinical course of viral infection (1 case). It was necessary to perform from 1 to 13 hemodialyses in every patient. In nine cases, complete normalization of renal function during 5 to 30 days of therapy was achieved. Two patients died due to multiorgan complications after vascular operations despite effective dialysis therapy. The following correlation were found: positive between initial values of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity and creatinine and uric acid concentrations in the blood and negative correlation between CPK and serum calcium concentrations. The higher initial values of CPK activity were observed the more hemodialysis procedures were necessary and the longer time was needed to normalize renal function. On the base of initial, limited up to now, own results it seems that hemodialysis in ANRF in the course of RBM should be started immediately in cases with high activity of CPK in the blood (above 10,000 U/L).
 ...
PMID:[Acute kidney failure in the course of rhabdomyolysis with hemodialysis in personal material from 1995-1999]. 1125 48

The benefits of blood pressure lowering, lipid lowering, and glycemic control on morbidity and mortality have been established in major long-term clinical trials. The most extensive information is available for diuretics or beta-blockers in hypertension, hepatic hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) in dyslipidemia, and insulin or sulfonylureas in diabetes. Other drug classes provide similar improvements in blood pressure, lipid profile, and glycemic control, and thereby might be expected to provide comparable long-term benefits. As a result, national guidelines advocate treating patients aggressively in order to achieve control of blood pressure low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and blood glucose. The risks associated with drug treatment are generally class-specific. Among antidiabetic agents, sulfonylureas and insulin are associated with risk for severe hypoglycemia, metformin with risk for lactic acidosis, and troglitazone with risk for idiosyncratic hepatocellular injury. Similarly, widely used antihypertensive and lipid-lowering agents are associated with risk for serious complications, such as angioedema with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, possible increased risk for myocardial infarction and cancer with calcium antagonists, and myositis and liver dysfunction with statins. Physicians must take an aggressive approach to patient management in order to achieve a level of disease control that optimally reduces risk for morbidity and mortality. Serious adverse events may occur rarely with most drug classes; these events can be minimized by appropriately monitoring or selecting patients for treatment.
 ...
PMID:Safety of drugs commonly used to treat hypertension, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes (the metabolic syndrome): part 1. 1146 7

Members of the synaptotagmin family have been proposed to function as Ca2+ sensors in membrane fusion. Syt VII is a ubiquitously expressed synaptotagmin previously implicated in plasma membrane repair and Trypanosoma cruzi invasion, events which are mediated by the Ca2+-regulated exocytosis of lysosomes. Here, we show that embryonic fibroblasts from Syt VII-deficient mice are less susceptible to trypanosome invasion, and defective in lysosomal exocytosis and resealing after wounding. Examination of mutant mouse tissues revealed extensive fibrosis in the skin and skeletal muscle. Inflammatory myopathy, with muscle fiber invasion by leukocytes and endomysial collagen deposition, was associated with elevated creatine kinase release and progressive muscle weakness. Interestingly, similar to what is observed in human polymyositis/dermatomyositis, the mice developed a strong antinuclear antibody response, characteristic of autoimmune disorders. Thus, defective plasma membrane repair in tissues under mechanical stress may favor the development of inflammatory autoimmune disease.
 ...
PMID:Impaired membrane resealing and autoimmune myositis in synaptotagmin VII-deficient mice. 1292 4

The pathogenesis of the inflammatory myopathies is still unclear, making their treatment largely empirical. Improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of inflammatory muscle injury may, however, lead to the development of more specific immunotherapies. To elucidate a possible pathogenic contribution of calcium-binding proteins such as the annexins, we immunohistochemically investigated muscle biopsy specimens from patients with dermatomyositis (10 cases), polymyositis (9 cases), and inclusion-body myositis (4 cases), compared to control cases comprising sarcoid myopathy (3 cases), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD; 4 cases), and normal muscle (3 cases). We found expression of annexins A1, A2, A4, and A6 in the vascular endothelium of all cases. Myofibers expressed annexins A5, A6, and A7 diffusely and weakly in the cytosol, whereas annexins A5 and A7 were also particularly localized to the sarcolemma. In the inflammatory myopathies, in areas of myonecrosis in DMD, and in granulomatous lesions of sarcoid myopathy, reactivity of annexins A1, A2, A4, A5, and A6 was observed in macrophages and T-lymphocytes. Whereas the latter annexins appear to be nonspecific indicators of activation, annexin A1 upregulation may represent endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanisms that merit further investigation.
 ...
PMID:Annexin expression in inflammatory myopathies. 1522 85

Annexins are a family of Ca2+/phospholipid-binding proteins that have diverse functions. To understand the function of annexin in Physarum polycephalum, we searched for its binding proteins. Here we demonstrate the presence of two novel annexin-binding proteins. The homology search of partial amino acid sequences of these two proteins identified them as aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs). Furthermore, antibody against aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases cross-reacted with one of two proteins. Our results imply the interaction between intracellular membrane dynamics and protein translation system, and may give a clue to understand the mechanism of some myositis diseases, which have been known to produce autoantibodies against ARSs.
 ...
PMID:Class-specific binding of two aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to annexin, a Ca2+- and phospholipid-binding protein. 1584 Sep 47

Calcinosis universalis is characterized by the deposit of calcium salts in skin, subcutaneous tissue, tendons and muscles. Most cases become apparent during the first decade of life. Clinical aspects may vary from arthralgia to movement limitation, with calcification of soft tissues. Differential diagnosis should exclude fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive, progressive osseous heterodysplasia, myositis ossificans and dermatopolymyositis. There is no specific treatment, but the use of calcium chelates (EDTA), biphosphonates (disodium etidronate) and steroids are mentioned. This paper presents a review of the literature and adds a new case of calcinosis universalis and its evolution in 28 months, describing laboratory and radiograph findings and suggesting the differential diagnosis among processes of soft tissue calcification.
 ...
PMID:Calcinosis universalis: a rare diagnosis. 1593 Oct 36

Recent findings indicate that soluble amyloid oligomers may represent the primary pathologic species in degenerative diseases. These amyloid oligomers share common structural features and the ability to permeabilize membranes, suggesting that they also share a common primary mechanism of pathogenesis. Membrane permeabilization by amyloid oligomers may initiate a common group of downstream pathologic processes, including intracellular calcium dyshomeostasis, production of reactive oxygen species, altered signaling pathways, and mitochondrial dysfunction that represent key effectors of cellular dysfunction and cell death in amyloid-associated degenerative disease, such as sporadic inclusion-body myositis.
 ...
PMID:Common structure and toxic function of amyloid oligomers implies a common mechanism of pathogenesis. 1643 51


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 Next >>