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Query: UMLS:C0027121 (myositis)
 4,538 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An acute relapsing orbital inflammatory disease predominantly affecting the extraocular muscles was seen in two patients and is reported here as acute recurrent orbital myositis. The association of this disorder with other systemic diseases such as asthma, sinusitis, upper respiratory infection, Crohn's disease, and serum sickness is discussed. The similarities to other forms of acute orbital inflammatory disease such as orbital pseudotumor are noted, and a possible underlying immunologic mechanism is suggested.
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PMID:Acute recurrent orbital myositis. 622 77

Thirteen patients complained of recent fluctuating aching of one orbit, punctuated by stabbing pains. All had exquisite point tenderness over the trochlea and in half of the patients the pain was aggravated by eye movement. Standardized A-scan echography demonstrated swelling of the peritrochlear tissue and thickening of the superior oblique muscle with low internal acoustic reflectivity, typical of myositis. CT scan showed a soft tissue density in the region of the trochlea. Biopsy, performed on two patients, revealed peri-trochlear inflammation. In all patients the symptoms resolved within a period of weeks or months: indomethacin or naproxen were not effective, but oral or locally injected corticosteroids shortened the course compared to no treatment. None of the patients had ptosis, proptosis, Brown's syndrome, or a click, nor did they have echographic or radiographic signs of sinusitis or inflammation away from the trochlea. This probably represents a highly localized subtype of idiopathic orbital inflammation ("pseudotumor").
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PMID:Trochleitis with superior oblique myositis. 638 70

Microsporidia are small, intracellular parasites that infect a wide range of hosts, including vertebrates, invertebrates and fish. They were discovered more than a century ago. The first well documented human case, however, was not reported until 100 years later. Since the first case of intestinal microsporidiosis was reported in 1985, numerous cases of microsporidiosis have been reported in immunocompromised patients, especially those in the later stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Microsporidia also have been described in various other clinical conditions, including keratoconjunctivitis, sinusitis, peritonitis and myositis. The numbers of cases reported have risen dramatically since 1985, which can be explained partly by the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic and partly by increased laboratory awareness. Some studies have shown that up to 50% of selected AIDS patients are infected with microsporidia. Diagnosis depended initially on the use of invasive techniques, namely histological examination of biopsy material. Since then, however, there have been important advances in the detection of microsporidial spores in clinical samples. Recent developments in the diagnosis of microsporidiosis are described, including light microscopy staining methods, fluorescent staining, electron microscopy and molecular techniques.
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PMID:Microsporidial infections in humans: current practice and developments in laboratory diagnosis. 949 99

Microsporidia are ubiquitous in nature. Several clinical syndromes have been associated with microsporidiosis, especially in HIV-infected individuals, and include enteropathy, keratoconjunctivitis, sinusitis, tracheobronchitis, encephalitis, interstitial nephritis, hepatitis, cholecystitis, osteomyelitis, and myositis. Diarrhea and malabsorption are the most common clinical problems. Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common microsporidial cause of intestinal disease. A second species, Encephalitozoon intestinalis (originally named Septata intestinalis) is associated with disseminated as well as intestinal disease. Microsporidiosis has been seen worldwide, and is recognized as a frequent enteric infection in patients with AIDS. The pathogenesis of intestinal disease is related to excess death of enterocytes as a result of cellular infection. Clinically, microsporidiosis most often presents with diarrhea and weight loss as a result of small intestinal injury and malabsorption. However, microsporidia have been detected in virtually all organs, and may provoke symptoms related to their specific localization. The diagnosis of microsporidiosis is made histologically, either from tissue biopsies or secretions. While transmission electron microscopy was required for diagnosis in the past, special stains and light microscopy, as well as immunohistochemical and molecular techniques are capable of providing a firm diagnosis. Therapeutic options are limited. Enc. intestinalis responds well to albendazole, while no antiparasitic therapy has documented efficacy in Ent. bieneusi infections.
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PMID:Clinical syndromes associated with microsporidiosis. 955 78

Microsporidia are ubiquitous organisms that are emerging pathogens in humans. These are most likely zoonotic and/or waterborne infections. In the immunosuppressed host, such as those treated with immunosuppressive drugs or infected with human immunodeficiency virus particularly at advanced stages of the disease, microsporidia can produce a wide range of clinical diseases. The most common manifestation is gastrointestinal tract infection; however, encephalitis, ocular infection, sinusitis, myositis and disseminated infection have also been described. In addition, these organisms have been reported in immune competent individuals. Multiple genera are involved in these infections and different organisms can result in distinct clinical pictures. Differences in clinical and parasitologic response to various therapeutic agents have emerged from clinical, as well as in vitro and in vivo studies. Currently there are no precisely defined guidelines for the optimal treatment of microsporidial infections. This article reviews the available data on compounds with in vitro activity and/or in vivo efficacy for microsporidial infections. Copyright 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
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PMID:Drug treatment of microsporidiosis. 1149 5

The Microsporidia have been reported to cause a wide range of clinical diseases particularly in patients that are immunosuppressed. They can infect virtually any organ system and cases of gastrointestinal infection, encephalitis, ocular infection, sinusitis, myositis and disseminated infection are well described in the literature. While benzimidazoles such as albendazole are active against many species of Microsporidia, these drugs do not have significant activity against Enterocytozoon bieneusi. Fumagillin, ovalicin and their analogues have been demonstrated to have antimicrosporidial activity in vitro and in animal models of microsporidiosis. Fumagillin has also been demonstrated to have efficacy in human infections due to E. bieneusi. Fumagillin is an irreversible inhibitor of methionine aminopeptidase type 2 (MetAP2). Homology cloning employing the polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the MetAP2 gene from the human pathogenic microsporidia Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Encephalitozoon hellem, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Brachiola algerae and E. bieneusi. The full-length MetAP2 coding sequence was obtained for all of the Encephalitozoonidae. Recombinant E. cuniculi MetAP2 was produced in baculovirus and purified using chromatographic techniques. The in vitro activity and effect of the inhibitors bestatin and TNP-470 on this recombinant microsporidian MetAP2 was characterized. An in silico model of E. cuniculi MetAP2 was developed based on crystallographic data on human MetAP2. These reagents provide new tools for the development of in vitro assay systems to screen candidate compounds for use as new therapeutic agents for the treatment of microsporidiosis.
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PMID:Investigations into microsporidian methionine aminopeptidase type 2: a therapeutic target for microsporidiosis. 1600 78

Orbital myositis is a common cause of extraocular muscle enlargement. It is characterized by nonspecific inflammation of one or more extraocular muscles. Although often idiopathic in origin, orbital myositis has been associated with various noninfectious diseases. Several cases have also been reported as occurring after upper respiratory tract infections. The present report describes a case of orbital myositis together with subclinical sinusitis and its rapid resolution after antibiotic treatment. The literature on this clinical entity is also reviewed.
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PMID:Orbital myositis complicating sinusitis. 1815 17

Two cases where multiple juvenile cockatiels exhibited inappetance, depression, upper respiratory signs, and "lockjaw" are described. Symptoms progressed over several weeks until all birds died, in spite of antibacterial therapy. Seven affected birds from each case were submitted for diagnostic evaluation. Microscopically, all birds had necrotizing rhinitis and sinusitis, as well as myositis, perineuritis and osteomyelitis affecting the jaw muscles and cranial bones. Multiple bacterial agents were isolated from the lungs and sinuses in both cases. Juvenile cockatiels appear to be particularly susceptible to temporomandibulitis, temporomandibular joint rigidity, or "lockjaw". Once chronic inflammation and fibrosis develop, it appears unlikely that jaw mobility can be restored.
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PMID:Lockjaw syndrome in cockatiels associated with sinusitis. 1918 73

Microsporidia are protists that have been reported to cause infections in both vertebrates and invertebrates. They have emerged as human pathogens particularly in patients that are immunosuppressed and cases of gastrointestinal infection, encephalitis, keratitis, sinusitis, myositis and disseminated infection are well described in the literature. While benzimidazoles are active against many species of microsporidia, these drugs do not have significant activity against Enterocytozoon bieneusi. Fumagillin and its analogues have been demonstrated to have activity invitro and in animal models of microsporidiosis and human infections due to E. bieneusi. Fumagillin and its analogues inhibit methionine aminopeptidase type 2. Encephalitozoon cuniculi MetAP2 (EcMetAP2) was cloned and expressed as an active enzyme using a baculovirus system. The crystal structure of EcMetAP2 was determined with and without the bound inhibitors fumagillin and TNP-470. This structure classifies EcMetAP2 as a member of the MetAP2c family. The EcMetAP2 structure was used to generate a homology model of the E. bieneusi MetAP2. Comparison of microsporidian MetAP2 structures with human MetAP2 provides insights into the design of inhibitors that might exhibit specificity for microsporidian MetAP2.
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PMID:Structure of a microsporidian methionine aminopeptidase type 2 complexed with fumagillin and TNP-470. 1966 May 3

Microsporidium spp. may lead to a variety of clinical pictures like sinusitis, keratoconjunctivitis, hepatitis, myositis, peritonitis, nephritis, encephalitis and pneumonia in case of immune deficiencies. In this report, a case of diarrhea due to Microsporidium spp. has been presented. A four years old male patient who was followed with the diagnosis of myotonic dystrophia, was admitted to the hospital with the complaints of respiratory distress and fever. Due to the history of recurrent infections, further investigations was carried out to clarify the immunological status of the patient, and the total IgA and IgM levels were found as 14 mg/dl and 30 mg/dl, respectively (normal values were; 18-160 and 45-200 mg/dl, respectively). Following bronchoscopy done to enlighten respiratory distress, the patient developed high fever and watery diarrhea. Since bacteriological cultures of the stool yielded Shigella spp., antimicrobial therapy with ciprofloxacin was initiated. Parasitological examination of the stool done by Weber's modified trichrome dye, yielded Microsporidium spp. microscopically and albendazole was added to the treatment. Presence of Microsporidium spp. was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction with the use of C1 and C2 primers (Metabion, Germany) targeted to Microsporidium spp. and besides a 270 bp band specific for Encephalitozoon intestinalis was also obtained. This case emphasized that in case of diarrhea the stool samples of the immunocompromised patients should be evaluated in terms of Microsporidium spp. in addition to the routine parasitologic examinations.
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PMID:[Microsporidium spp. infection in an immunocompromised child diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction]. 2106 82


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