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Query: UMLS:C0027121 (myositis)
 4,538 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lymphoma can involve any part of the musculoskeletal system. Primary musculoskeletal lymphoma is rare but can occur in bone (reticulum cell sarcoma) or in the skin and subcutaneous tissues (mycosis fungoides). Secondary involvement in the musculoskeletal system is more common and can have a variety of radiologic findings. The definitive diagnosis of musculoskeletal lymphoma, however, is difficult to make by using imaging criteria alone. Any part of the musculoskeletal system can be involved and, therefore, a wide variety of primary and secondary neoplasms or inflammatory processes may have similar radiologic findings. The main differential diagnostic considerations, depending on the age of the patient and the clinical presentation, include osteosarcoma, Ewing's tumor, metastatic disease (from breast, lung, thyroid, or renal primary lesions), as well as chronic osteomyelitis or myositis. Primary and secondary bone lymphoma can be indistinguishable radiologically and histologically, but modern imaging techniques allow more accurate differentiation of primary from secondary bone involvement. This pictorial essay illustrates the CT findings of primary and secondary lymphoma involving bone, muscle, and skin and subcutaneous tissues.
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PMID:Lymphoma of bone, muscle, and skin: CT findings. 837 91

The behavior of two spontaneous transplantable rat tumors and a mouse lymphoma was studied in different hosts. A resistant (eR) subline to Sarcoma E 100 (S-E 100) and a susceptible one (eS) were obtained by divergent selection carried out in an inbred line of rats IIM (e). The phenotypic frequencies of the resistant and susceptible individuals to S-E 100 in the base population e and eR, eS, F1 and F2 fitted with the theoretical frequencies of a model of two independent pairs of genes, one (T) with complete dominance (locus SE1) and the other (R) with partial dominance (locus SE2). Locus SE2 would regulate the antitumoral response. Resistance to S-E 100 was found to be a dominant trait. The subcutaneous challenge of eR and eS rats with Lymphoma TACB (L-TACB) showed a different behavior. Subline eR (resistant to S-E 100) was susceptible to L-TACB while subline eS (susceptible to S-E 100) was resistant. A tumor-host interaction was found, revealing that genotypes resistant to S-E 100 were susceptible to L-TACB; in addition, susceptible animals (eR) developed lymph node metastases. It was observed, using animals of different genotypes, that susceptibility to L-TACB metastases and to local tumor growth, would be conditioned by different genes. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to tumor antigens (S-E 100 and L-TACB) and humoral immune response and DTH to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were investigated in eR and eS rats. Differences between both sublines were statistically significant suggesting that genes involved in the divergent selection would regulate the antitumoral immune response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Inheritance of susceptibility to tumors and metastases in rodents]. 248 19

Extraskeletal osteosarcoma (ESOS) of the spleen and jejunum was diagnosed in 2 dogs. As an extremely uncommon type of tumor that has proven difficult to treat, ESOS is associated with high rate of local recurrence and metastatic disease. Extraskeletal osteosarcoma principally affects older dogs, has no apparent breed predilection, and may develop more frequently in males. The cause of ESOS is unknown, but may involve malignant metaplasia of pluripotential mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts. Macroscopically, ESOS usually is observed as a hard mass and may appear similar to calcified hematoma or myositis ossificans. The classic radiographic appearance of ESOS is a soft tissue mass with focal mineralization and without adjacent bone involvement.
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PMID:Extraskeletal osteosarcoma in two dogs. 272 41

Fifteen patients with clinical presentations compatible with idiopathic inflammatory orbital pseudotumor were examined by CT and MR imaging to determine if MR could add specificity to the CT appearance of this entity. MR was performed on a 1.5 T system, using surface-coil and head-coil techniques. Idiopathic pseudotumor was confirmed in nine patients on the basis of response to steroid therapy in the absence of local cause or systemic illness. One other patient had biopsy-proven idiopathic pseudotumor. Five patients proved to have other orbital entities, including metastases, infectious myositis, hemorrhage, and orbital sarcoid. In all 10 patients with confirmed pseudotumor, CT and MR were abnormal. MR abnormalities in 10 of 10 patients with pseudotumor were hypointense to fat and isointense to muscle on T1-weighted images. On T2-weighted images the lesions of pseudotumor were isointense or only minimally hyperintense to fat in nine of 10 cases; in one case, the enlarged muscle was markedly hyperintense to fat. The MR signal intensity of pseudotumor was similar to that found in infectious myositis and sarcoid. These findings contrasted to the MR appearance of the other disease entities examined. Metastases appeared markedly hyperintense to fat on T2-weighted images, while hematoma was hyperintense to muscle and isointense to fat on T1-weighted images and markedly hyperintense to fat on T2-weighted images. In our preliminary series, surface-coil MR appears to add specificity to the CT appearance of orbital pseudotumor.
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PMID:Surface-coil MR of orbital pseudotumor. 349 67

A case of discrete metastases to an extraocular muscle from a silent small cell carcinoma is described. Clinically, diagnostically, and pathologically this masqueraded as orbital myositis. It was not until a full thickness muscle biopsy was obtained that the diagnosis was realized. The need for deep biopsy is stressed. Discrete metastases to an extraocular muscle without other orbital soft tissue involvement is rarely reported. This is the first reported case from a small cell primary tumor. Metastatic orbital disease is discussed.
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PMID:Metastatic small cell carcinoma masquerading as orbital myositis. 628 79

Among 2175 patients seen over the last three years in a non-specialized department of internal medicine with no intensive care unit, 100 had supranormal serum lactic dehydrogenase activities. These patients' case-reports have been analyzed. Nearly half the patients (47/100) had a malignant disease (cancer or hemopathy). Among the remaining patients, 19 had a hepatic disorder (alcohol hepatitis in 10, viral hepatitis in 8, and isoniazide hepatitis in 1), 7 had a heart disease (heart failure with hepatomegaly in 5, myocardial infarction in 2), and 27 had various other conditions (including hemolysis in 6 and polymyositis en 3). The value of serum LDH assay is obvious in situations other than acute conditions such as myocardial infarction of pulmonary embolism; these are better known and have not been studied here as their prevalence was low among the patients enlisted in our study. In comparison to other enzymes (alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), transaminases (GOT, GPT) that were also routinely assayed in our patients, abnormal serum LDH activities are much less common and their significance is quite different. An increase in serum and their significance is quite different. An increase in serum LDH activity indicates a serious condition, often with a fatal outcome. The "various other conditions" group includes patients with hemolysis, hepatitis and myositis; the other patients in this group either had severe infectious diseases or died suddenly in the first few days of their hospitalization before diagnosis had been established. Each etiologic group has been analyzed to asses the characteristics of patients with increased LDH activity according to each etiology. Analysis of coincident abnormalities of the other enzymes listed above shows marked differences between etiologic groups; diagnostic accuracy can thus be enhanced in certain conditions. Most patients with malignancies had poorly differentiated tumors, with metastases: 28 had an epithelial tumor, with hepatic and/or bone metastases in 23 cases, 5 had cancer of the liver, 10 had a malignant hemopathy (2 lymphomas, 5 myeloproliferative syndromes, 3 acute leukemias), and 4 had a sarcoma. Cancer of the lung is the most common malignancy (10 cases) and may be responsible for increased serum LDH activity even in patients without metastases. Serum LDH assay is of value for monitoring the course in patients with initially increased activities as it falls under effective therapy and rises during exacerbations.
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PMID:[Value and diagnostic significance of serum lactic dehydrogenase in internal medicine (author's transl)]. 628 24

A patient developed ossifying skeletal muscle metastases from a primary gastric mucin-producing adenocarcinoma. The unusual nature of skeletal muscle metastases and the inflammatory-like syndrome associated with heterotopic ossification is reviewed. It is suggested that this case of 'neoplasm-induced post-traumatic myositis ossificans' may be caused by the interaction of local haemorrhage and thrombosis, mucin-producing tumour implants, and the presence of large quantities of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid, an amino acid associated with the calcification of bone matrix formation.
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PMID:Malignant myositis ossificans: occult gastric carcinoma presenting as an acute rheumatic disorder. 660 13

We discuss a patient with an occult, densely calcified synovial sarcoma of the hip who came to clinical attention because of pulmonary metastases. When synovial sarcomas present with dense and conglomerate calcification, they may be confused with benign processes such as myositis ossificans or tumoral calcinosis. Malignancies such as extraskeletal osteogenic sarcoma, extraskeletal chondrosarcoma, and mesenchymal chondrosarcoma must also be considered in the differential diagnosis.
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PMID:Case report 878: Densely calcifying synovial sarcoma of the hip metastatic to the lungs. 788 82

Scintigraphy with technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate (MDP) delineates a wide spectrum of nonosseous disorders. Neoplastic, hormonal, inflammatory, ischemic, traumatic, excretory, and artifactual entities demonstrate abnormal soft-tissue uptake of Tc-99m MDP. Mechanisms leading to increased extraosseous Tc-99m MDP uptake include extracellular fluid expansion, enhanced regional vascularity and permeability, and elevated tissue calcium concentration. The composition of the calcium deposition and the presence of other metallic ions (eg, iron and magnesium) are important. Soft-tissue Tc-99m MDP uptake is seen in benign (tumoral calcinosis, myositis ossificans) and malignant (sarcomas, adenocarcinomas, metastases) neoplastic entities. Hormonal disturbances in calcium metabolism, especially in hyperparathyroidism, can lead to metastatic calcification, visualized with Tc-99m MDP scintigraphy. Tissue damage from inflammation, infection, or physical trauma results in localized hyperemia, edema, or calcium (and hemosiderin) deposition based on their pathophysiologic characteristics. Urinary tract obstruction, anomalies, or dysfunction are demonstrated by Tc-99m MDP imaging. Common artifacts are related to faulty radiopharmaceutical preparation, Tc-99m MDP administration, and imaging technique. Recognition of these modes of extraskeletal Tc-99m MDP uptake can enhance the diagnostic value of bone scintigraphy.
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PMID:Extraosseous Tc-99m MDP uptake: a pathophysiologic approach. 835 64

This article focuses on major clinical and imaging features that are of practical interest in the diagnosis and management of osteosarcoma, a malignant tumor arising from the osteogenic matrix. The current histologic classification of this tumor is also reported. Different types of osteosarcoma are described, each of them with a definite clinical and radiographic pattern. Conventional radiography is the keystone to diagnosis because it allows analysis of the patterns relevant to the different lesions (location, site, bone destruction, periostal reaction, soft tissue masses). The most common type of osteosarcoma is defined classic or conventional high grade (75%) and it typically involves the medullary cavity. Radiographically, it may be predominantly osteosclerotic or osteolytic, but more frequently it has a mixed (osteoslerotic/osteolytic) pattern. The teleangiectatic osteosarcoma is an aggressive form (5%) characterized by marked vascularization with large blood-filled cystic cavities; its typical radiographic pattern is purely osteolytic. Juxtacortical osteosarcoma (8-10%) indicates a group of osteosarcomas apparently arising on bone surface. The most common type is parosteal osteosarcoma which affects older subjects and has a better prognosis than the classic type. Radiography shows a heavily ossified mass with a broad base attached to the underlying cortex. CT and MRI are useful in the differential diagnosis of osteosarcoma and myositis ossificans or osteocondroma. Rare types of osteosarcoma include the periosteal and high-grade surface variants, as well as secondary and multifocal osteosarcoma (osteosarcomatosis). CT and MRI are the imaging procedures of choice in locoregional staging (intraosseous and extraosseous spread, skip metastases, growth plate and articular involvement). CT of the chest is a useful tool for detecting lung metastases. Also MRI has a role in monitoring the response to chemotherapy and in detecting recurrence. It permits a more accurate study of the tumor volume than other imaging techniques and clinical examination. MRI becomes even more useful when paramagnetic contrast agents are administered because dynamic MRI with contrast enhancement help differentiate postchemotherapy changes from viable tumor--the latter enhancing rapidly and the former slowly. Thus, dynamic MRI allows a precise mapping of any residual tumor activity.
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PMID:Malignant tumors of the osteogenic matrix. 965 9


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