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Query: UMLS:C0027121 (myositis)
 4,538 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors retrospectively reviewed the charts, radiographs, and other accompanying imaging studies of 45 patients with musculoskeletal abnormalities associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. These included 19 patients with osseous infection, including eight with osteomyelitis, seven with bacillary angiomatosis (six of whom were described in a previous report), and four with septic arthritis; 10 with bacterial myositis (six of whom were described in a previous report); seven with non-Hodgkin lymphoma; five with hypointense marrow signal intensity at magnetic resonance imaging; two with Kaposi sarcoma; one with polymyositis; and one with psoriasis. The musculoskeletal system can be affected by a variety of abnormalities in association with HIV infection. Knowledge of their existence and characteristic appearance is valuable to radiologists for diagnosis and to clinicians for detection and appropriate treatment.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus infection: musculoskeletal manifestations. 843 Jan 95

Microsporidia are obligate intracellular protozoa that parasitize both vertebrates and invertebrates and are now recognized as important pathogens in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We describe the clinical and morphological features of a case of pleistophora (microsporidian) myositis in a patient with AIDS and delineate the stages of the microsporidian life cycle, as visualized by light and electron microscopy. We discuss significant aspects of microsporidian infections in humans and of myopathy attributable to other causes in HIV-1-infected individuals. As far as we know, ours is only the second reported case of microsporidian myositis and the first reported case in a patient with documented HIV-1 infection.
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PMID:Myositis due to Pleistophora (Microsporidia) in a patient with AIDS. 844 94

Encephalitis, lymphoid tissue depletion and secondary infections occurred over a 5-yr-period in Holstein cows infected with bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV). There were 59 cattle studied, the majority during 1991, when a severe environmental stress occurred, each with one or more primary causes of death, natural or by euthanasia, and most with several secondary diseases. The encephalitis was characterized by meningeal, perivascular and parenchymal infiltration with lymphocytes, occasional plasma cells and macrophages with perivascular edema in some cows. Affected areas included the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord with no particular distribution pattern recognized. The lymphoid depletion was primarily an absence of follicular development in nodes draining regions with secondary infections such as chronic mastitis and chronic suppurative pododermatitis. Paucity of lymphocytes in thymic-dependent regions of lymph nodes and the spleen suggested a primary depletion of T cells. Secondary infections were often multiple with each cow having several minor conditions, usually considered short-term and treatable. These included mastitis and pododermatitis, with many cows having non-responding abscesses, cellulitis and myositis attributed to injection site infections. A large number of the cattle had parturition difficulties such as dystocia, obturator paralysis, and metritis. Pulmonary, cardiovascular, and intestinal disease were recognized as both primary and secondary disease conditions. There was a high level of infection with bovine leukemia virus with 4 of the 59 cattle having lymphosarcoma. Under practical conditions, the infection with BIV has a different effect on the host than has been observed under experimental conditions. The presence of BIV combined with the stresses associated with parturition and a modern dairy production system were considered causal for the development of untreatable secondary diseases in immunocompromised cattle. The peak incidence in 1991 was attributed to increased environmental stress during renovation of the barn facility. During this time the cattle were kept on open pasture, exposed to an extremely wet winter, and spring weather conditions. The effect of co-infection with bovine leukemia virus, the influence of immunocompromise on the chronicity of mastitis, the relationship with laminitis and pododermatitis, and several questions related to viral transmission, complementarism with bovine leukemia virus, viral reactivation and immunoprophylaxis all remain as viable avenues for future investigations.
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PMID:Encephalitis, lymphoid tissue depletion and secondary diseases associated with bovine immunodeficiency virus in a dairy herd. 881 74

Microsporidia are small, intracellular parasites that infect a wide range of hosts, including vertebrates, invertebrates and fish. They were discovered more than a century ago. The first well documented human case, however, was not reported until 100 years later. Since the first case of intestinal microsporidiosis was reported in 1985, numerous cases of microsporidiosis have been reported in immunocompromised patients, especially those in the later stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Microsporidia also have been described in various other clinical conditions, including keratoconjunctivitis, sinusitis, peritonitis and myositis. The numbers of cases reported have risen dramatically since 1985, which can be explained partly by the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic and partly by increased laboratory awareness. Some studies have shown that up to 50% of selected AIDS patients are infected with microsporidia. Diagnosis depended initially on the use of invasive techniques, namely histological examination of biopsy material. Since then, however, there have been important advances in the detection of microsporidial spores in clinical samples. Recent developments in the diagnosis of microsporidiosis are described, including light microscopy staining methods, fluorescent staining, electron microscopy and molecular techniques.
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PMID:Microsporidial infections in humans: current practice and developments in laboratory diagnosis. 949 99

Only rare cases of cryptococcal myositis have been previously reported in the literature. All of these cases have occurred in the setting of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We report a case of cryptococcal myositis diagnosed premortem on a needle biopsy in a heart transplant patient undergoing immunosuppressive therapy.
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PMID:Cryptococcal myositis: a case report and review of the literature. 977 Feb 1

A case of a 38-year old man with a common variable immunodeficiency syndrome (CVID) is demonstrated who suffered at the same time from a histologically proven inclusion body myositis (IBM). The myositis did not resolve after institution of regular intravenous IgG infusions. This case demonstrates a very long lasting benign course of IBM. The occurrence with CVID may be a clinical hint for a viral pathogenesis of IBM. So far only two similar cases are reported in the literature.
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PMID:Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and inclusion body myositis (IBM). 1099 95

We report a patient who developed multiple inflammatory muscle masses and generalized polymyositis in the setting of combined human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of muscles showed patchy edema which was particularly intense within the nodular masses. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed no evidence of either virus within muscle. This report reviews earlier literature on muscle nodules associated with myositis and discusses the differential diagnosis of muscle masses in HIV infection.
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PMID:Multinodular polymyositis in a patient with human immunodeficiency and hepatitis C virus coinfection. 1135 33

Microsporidia are ubiquitous organisms that are emerging pathogens in humans. These are most likely zoonotic and/or waterborne infections. In the immunosuppressed host, such as those treated with immunosuppressive drugs or infected with human immunodeficiency virus particularly at advanced stages of the disease, microsporidia can produce a wide range of clinical diseases. The most common manifestation is gastrointestinal tract infection; however, encephalitis, ocular infection, sinusitis, myositis and disseminated infection have also been described. In addition, these organisms have been reported in immune competent individuals. Multiple genera are involved in these infections and different organisms can result in distinct clinical pictures. Differences in clinical and parasitologic response to various therapeutic agents have emerged from clinical, as well as in vitro and in vivo studies. Currently there are no precisely defined guidelines for the optimal treatment of microsporidial infections. This article reviews the available data on compounds with in vitro activity and/or in vivo efficacy for microsporidial infections. Copyright 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
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PMID:Drug treatment of microsporidiosis. 1149 5

The initial approach to the treatment of patients with inflammatory myopathy is critical in determining the subsequent course and outcome. Prolonged administration of high doses of corticosteroids should be avoided and a second-line agent such as methotrexate or azathioprine should be introduced earlier rather than later. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy has an important place if the myositis remains active, particularly in patients with dermatomyositis, and is the treatment of choice in patients with immunodeficiency who are not controlled by corticosteroids. In more resistant cases of polymyositis or dermatomyositis it may be necessary to use cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin or the promising newer immunosuppressive agents mycophenolate mofetil or tacrolimus to achieve disease control. The treatment of inclusion body myositis remains unsatisfactory but a trial of prednisolone and methotrexate is warranted in selected patients.
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PMID:Inflammatory myopathies: how to treat the difficult cases. 1246 34

Toxicity studies for the evaluation of the safety of GX-12, a naked DNA vaccine for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, were performed in rodents. In a single dose intramuscular or intravenous toxicity study, animals were treated with up to 4000 micrograms/kg of GX-12. During the experimental period, no abnormalities in mortality, clinical finding, or body weight change were observed. For subacute toxicity study, GX-12 was administered intramuscularly once a week for thirteen weeks to rats at dosages of 0.250, 1000, or 4000 micrograms/kg. Throughout the experimental period, no dead animals, notable clinical signs, changes in body weight gain, or food and water consumptions were observed. Ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematology, and serum chemistry, revealed no abnormalities. In addition, there were no changes in gross findings, organ weight, and histological findings. Based on these results, the NOAEL was estimated to be excess of 4000 micrograms/kg. To assess the possible effects on the immune system, we investigated the induction of anti-DNA or anti-myosin autoantibodies in mice immunized and boosted with GX-12, and anti-GX-12 antibodies in rat serum obtained from the subacute toxicity study. GX-12 neither stimulated the production of anti-DNA or myosin autoantibodies nor induced the development of myositis or glomerulonephritis. Therefore, we concluded that GX-12 has no toxicity up to 4000 micrograms/kg in this rat model, which is 60 times higher than the expected human dose. Furthermore, given the limitations of this study, GX-12 neither initiated nor accelerated the development of systemic autoimmune responses.
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PMID:Safety evaluation of GX-12. A new DNA vaccine for HIV infection in rodents. 1458 81


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