Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0027121 (myositis)
 4,538 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thickness of the extraocular rectus muscles can be displayed and measured by non-standardized A-scan echography. To establish a norm for the thickness of the rectus muscles, 100 eyes of 50 subjects were examined, with the result that the four recti ranged from 3 mm to 5 mm in thickness. The methodology and the normal range derived may be helpful in the diagnosis and differentiation of diseases affecting the extraocular muscles, such as Graves' disease and myositis.
 ...
PMID:[Echographic measurement of extraocular muscles in vivo]. 208 38

Sera of patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GOP) often contain antibodies against retroorbital tissue components. The presence of such autoantibodies has been considered to indicate an autoimmune pathogenesis of the disease. However, their specificity has not been conclusively tested, because studies demonstrating autoantibodies used controls with no lesion in the extraocular eye muscles. Although ocular myositis (OM) is clinically distinct from GOP, damage to the retroorbital muscles is a common histopathological finding in both conditions. Using an immunoblot technique, reactions of sera from patients suffering from either disease were compared. Sera from both groups contained antibodies against a variety of antigenic determinants recognized by both sera. These autoantibodies may have been induced secondary to tissue damage and should be considered to be nonspecific. Because the role of tissue damage was not accounted for in previous studies, evidence concerning antigens supposedly specific for GOP should be reevaluated. The reaction patterns of OM and GOP sera were slightly different. These differences were specific enough to suggest that sera from patients with GOP contain antibodies against eye muscle components that are not present in the sera of patients with idiopathic OM. These findings support the assumption that GOP is an autoimmune disease. However, the major autoimmune targets remain to be identified and their pathogenic relevance is still unclear.
 ...
PMID:The diagnostic value of serum autoantibodies in endocrine orbitopathy and idiopathic ocular myositis. 248 43

Surgery can help patients affected with Graves' myositis. This surgery is very delicate because it is performed on muscles modified with retractile sclerosis transforming muscular fibers into fibrous and rigid strings. The surgical treatment must be decided with endocrinologists. Many surgical stages are usually necessary. Reunion procedures must be chosen, while unpredictable muscular resections must be banished.
 ...
PMID:[Difficulties in the surgical treatment of hyperthyroid myopathy]. 264 Oct 92

Lymphoid masses can be centered predominantly within an extraocular muscle (EOM), as exemplified by computed tomography (CT) scanning and biopsy confirmation in the seven cases reported in this study. In these patients, an insidious and painless onset of exophthalmos was overshadowed by ptosis or a motility disturbance (particularly limited upgaze) in the absence of chemosis and lid erythema. The lesions were located in the superior rectus-levator complex (6 cases) and in the medial rectus muscle (1 case). One patient, with an exclusive infiltration of the levator, had a complete ptosis, whereas four others had a partial ptosis. Important clinical clues included palpable masses (4 cases) and preserved downward gaze (all cases), the latter suggesting the absence of fibrotic restriction, as is often seen in Graves' myopathy and the idiopathic myositis of pseudotumor. The biopsy specimens showed spill-over of the hypercellular and stroma-free lymphoid tissue into the orbital fat (all cases) and into the lacrimal gland (3 cases). Full extraocular motility on upgaze was restored after local orbital radiotherapy, although a residual ptosis persisted in five cases. Five patients had well-differentiated lesions and nonocular disease did not develop, whereas a widespread disease developed in one of two patients with a cytologically malignant lymphoma; the patient eventually died.
 ...
PMID:Orbital lymphoid tumors located predominantly within extraocular muscles. 362 18

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tomography is a new imaging technique which at present is still not very common in ophthalmology. Improvement of contrast and resolution by use of surface coils produces high-quality pictures which open up completely new possibilities in orbital diagnosis. This article explains the procedure and describes its use in some cases of Graves' disease and ocular myositis. Differential diagnostic possibilities in orbital diseases are discussed.
 ...
PMID:[Possibilities for the demonstration and differentiation of eye muscle changes in endocrine orbitopathy and ocular myositis using nuclear magnetic resonance tomography]. 378 10

Ocular inflammatory diseases and ocular adnexal lymphoid tumors have become less obscure and intimidating by virtue of our ability to study the infiltrates in these various diseases for their B-lymphocyte and T-lymphocyte composition. Comparisons are also possible between lymphocytic profiles in the peripheral blood and the precise composition of the in situ infiltrates within the ocular tissue themselves. The availability of monoclonal antibodies, which can determine T-lymphocytic subsets such as T-helper cells and T-suppressor/cytotoxic cells, natural killer cells, and monocytes-histiocytes, has provided a powerful technology for the delineation of the distinctive immune composition of the inflammatory infiltrates, as well as any possible disturbances in T-cell immunoregulation. B-lymphocytes produce immunoglobulins, which may be misdirected as autoantibodies in local or systemic autoimmune diseases. Immunoglobulin-mediated and therefore B-cell derived conditions include vasculitis, progressive cicatricial ocular pemphigoid, Mooren's corneal ulcer, scleritis, and hay fever and vernal conjunctivitis. Other diseases in which B-lymphocytes, their immunoglobulin products or immune complexes formed with presently unknown antigens are potentially at fault are chronic non-specific uveitis; iridocyclitis in Behcet's syndrome; Fuch's heterochromic syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, and Reiter's syndrome; Graves' disease; and idiopathic inflammatory orbital pseudotumor and myositis. T-cells do not produce immunoglobins, but rather secrete lymphokines or interact directly with receptors or determinants on viruses or target tissues (eg. immunosurveillance against neoplasia); it is possible that some autoimmune diseases are the result of neo-antigens on the surfaces of host tissues that have been coded for by a cryptic inciting virus. T-cell diseases include phlyctenulosis graft rejections, graft versus host disease, and possibly sympathetic ophthalmia and temporal arteritis. Natural killer cells are involved in many of the same diseases as cytotoxic T-cells, except that the former require no period of sensitization (natural immunity), whereas cytotoxic T-cells must undergo an antigen-specific blast transformation (acquired immunity of the delayed hypersensitivity type). In many diseases in which B-cell derived auto-antibodies are at fault, there may be local tissue or systemic T-cell imbalances, with a reduction in T-suppressor cells and a relative augmentation in T-helper cells, thereby facilitating production of misdirected auto-antibodies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:B- and T-lymphocytes in ocular disease. 623 70

Correlating the CT scan features of patients with orbital Graves' disease with histopathologic observations allows one to focus more specifically on the distinguishing features of this disease with future research implications. Both CT scanning and pathologic studies have shown clearly that the extraocular muscles are the primary focus of the disease. Swelling of the extraocular muscles generally occurs within their bellys with sparing of the tendons. This contrast with idiopathic inflammation of the muscles or myositis, which tends to involve the tendon as well. All of the associated findings in orbital Graves' disease probably flow from the enlarged volume of the extraocular muscles: proptosis, bowing of the medial lamina papyracea to accommodate the swollen belly of the medial rectus muscle, venous engorgement from stasis induced by direct compression of the orbital venous drainage, conjunctival and lid swelling, and lacrimal gland enlargement. Both radiographic and pathologic changes in the orbital fat are secondary and comparatively insignificant. While there appears to be no selective inflammation of the optic nerve meninges or the perineural connective tissues, enlargement of the extraocular muscle bellys where they converge at the crowded orbital apex brings about compression of the optic nerve, impairs its function, and causes visual decrease. Lymphocytic and plasmacytic infiltration along with edema within the endomysium of the extraocular muscles leads to the activation of fibroblasts with the production of acid mucopolysaccharides and progressive fibrosis. It is not known what attracts the lymphocytes to the extraocular muscles, why certain extraocular muscles are affected preferentially, why the disease may be asymmetrically unilateral, and whether a defect in T cell or B cell functions (or both) is immunologically at fault.
 ...
PMID:Correlation of CT scanning and pathologic features of ophthalmic Graves' disease. 689 76

The clinical application and differential diagnostic value of computer reformations in patients with Graves' disease and ocular myositis are demonstrated. Computer reformations parallel to the course of the muscle allow the identification of abnormal soft tissue densities on axial section as a swelling of individual muscles. Computer reformations perpendicular to the course of the muscle demonstrate its true cross sectional diameter. In most clinical instances, the rectus muscles are sufficiently visualized on computer reformations 90 degrees to the orbital axis. The vertical recti are then shown as true cross sections, whereas the horizontal recti are dissected in an equally oblique plane. A swelling of the inferior oblique muscle is well visualized by sagittal reformations lateral to the insertion of the inferior rectus muscle. With the use of computer reformations muscle enlargement can be diagnosed with certainty. They therefore provide valuable information in the evaluation of motility disturbances as well as in the analysis of specific patterns of muscle involvement in various orbital diseases.
 ...
PMID:[On the diagnosis of extraocular muscle disease. Clinical application of computer reformations (author's transl)]. 702 76

Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with 111In-labeled octreotide proves to be a very sensitive diagnostic tool for evaluation of inflammative activity in endocrine ophthalmopathy (EO). The results of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) in 40 patients with EO show a high orbital accumulation of 111In-octreotide in clinically active EO (4 h-median/orbit-brain-ratio: 12.6; controls 4 h-median: 5.8) Patients with clinically inactive EO (4 h-median: 7.1) show a similar orbital accumulation of radioactivity compared to controls. 5 patients with active orbital myositis also revealed an even higher orbital accumulation of radioactivity (4 h-median: 42.3). The diagnostic value of SRS lies in its ability to act as a measure of inflammation and can be useful as an activity parameter when planning therapeutic procedure as well as for EO follow-up. The results in patients with orbital myositis nevertheless do not permit a differential diagnosis with this method. The therapeutic value of 111In-octreotide in Graves' disease has yet to be established.
 ...
PMID:[Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in endocrine orbitopathy]. 780 69

Pseudotumor, Graves' disease, and lymphoproliferative disease are the most common ophthalmologic disease entities requiring evaluation by CT and MR imaging. A history of acute onset, pain, swelling, proptosis, and response to steroids are the classical findings. The radiologic findings are categorized according to location into dacryoadenitis, myositis, and sclerouveitis, with and without associated infiltrations. The inflammatory infiltrate, which is composed of polymorphic leukocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells interspersed with a variable amount of fibrovascular tissue, may be diffuse or localized. The preferred radiologic method used for assessment of pseudotumor is CT. MR imaging, however, is indicated for evaluation of the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, which is characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate in the orbital apex and cavernous sinus leading to cranial nerve involvement with ophthalmoplegia. The clinical and radiologic constellation of findings allows a definitive diagnosis in most cases.
 ...
PMID:Pseudotumor of the orbit. Clinical, pathologic, and radiologic evaluation. 1002 35


1 2 3 Next >>